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Question Answer
to build someone/sth up
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to praise someone/sth in a way that will increase expectations of them
to cement sth
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to make sth more solid
to come up against a brick wall
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meet a barrier / When I tried to find her, I came up against a brick wall.
to put a ceiling on sth
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to suggest a limit to sth
glass ceiling
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invisible barrier that stops people, especially women from raising to higher positions
the roof fell in on my world
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my world collapsed
the floor give way
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fainting
to go through the roof
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prices, increased fast
to hit the roof
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to be very angry
window
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opening, limited tho
window of opportunity
If u see a window of opportunity, you then take advantage of it.
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chance to do sth special
to go out of the window
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departs/vanishes
ivory tower
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when sone is in ivory tower, he don’t know anything about the real world (academics)
person is a tower of strength
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extremely strong (emotional)
to tower above
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tall/outstanding others in other positive way
to be a gateway to -
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to give an opportunity to get somewhere/ A degree in law is a gateway to a well
do sth through/by the back door
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doing it unofficially
being the closed doors
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(decision was made) no one knows exactly why and how it was made
key
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importance
to keep the wolf from the door
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to maintain oneself at a minimal level; to keep from starving, freezing
to clean up its own backyard
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try to solve your own problems before you go and try to handle someone else's
chilly/nippy
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freezing
sweltering/roasting
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very hot
blowy/breezy
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windy
oppressive/sultry
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hot, makes u uncomfortable
stifling/heavy/close
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hard to breathe/feel the air
downpour/deluge
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heavy rain for a long time
humid
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a lot of water in the air
muggy/clammy/sticky
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makes your skin sticky, sweaty
climate
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metaphorical general atmosphere or situation in society
moral climate
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tendencies to behave in certain way
prevailing climate
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dominant
sunny disposition
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happy attitude
sunny outlook
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positve outcome is expected
frosty reception
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not nice, cold, reserved
to be snowed under work
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have a lot of work
under a cloud (of suspicion)
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to be investigated/ podejrzanym o coś
hail
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grad
hazy
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mist, fog
spark off a whirlwind
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f.e. of speculation, to make sth escalate quickly and strongly
thunderous
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loud, deep noise
thundery
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stormy weather
porpoise
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morświn, a small toothed whale
marsupial
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torbacz, a mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother's belly.
tortoise
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żółw lądowy, a slow moving typically herbivorous land reptile of warm climates, enclosed in a scaly or leathery domed shell
turtle
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żółw morski, a large marine reptile with a bony or leathery
tusks
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a long pointed tooth
whiskers
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a long projecting hair growing from the face of mammals
walrus
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mors, a large gregarious marine mammal related to the eared seals, having two large downward pointing tusks
rhinoceros
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a large, heavily built plant eating mammal with one or two horns on the nose and thick folded skin
antelope
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swift running deer
mink
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a small semiaquatic stoat like carnivore, norma. wydra
viper
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a venomous snake with large hinged fangs, typically having a broad head
boa constrictor
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a large snake, typically with bold markings, that kills by coiling around its prey
rattlesnake
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a heavy bodied American pit viper with a series of horny rings on the tail
hyena
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a doglike African mammal
reindeer
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a deer of tundra
wasp
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social winged insect wth narrow waist and a sting
ladybird
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a small beetle, red or yellow with black dots
flea
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small wingless jumping insect
bison
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a humpbacked shaggy haired wild ox
ox
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a cow/bull, domesticated bovine animal kept for milk/meat
sparrow
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a small finch like bird, wróbel
budgerigar
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papużka falista, a small gregarious Australian parakeet which is green with a yellow head
dormouse
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an agile mouse like rodent with a hairy or bushy tail,
blackblid
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kos, thrush with mainly black plumage.
crow
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a large perching bird with mostly glossy black plumage, wrong
raven
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a large heavily built crow with mainly black, kruk
blue tit
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a small tit (songbird) with a blue cap, greenish blue back, and yellow underparts, sikorka
mammoth
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a large extinct
buffalo
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a heavily built wild ox with backward curving, bawół
bronosaurus
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a huge herbivorous dinosaur with a long neck and tail.
cheetah
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gepard, a large slender spotted cat
reptile
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a cold blooded vertebrate animal of a class that includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, and tortoises.
amphibian
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a cold blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, salamanders, and caecilians.
newt
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a small slender bodied amphibian with lungs and a well developed tail, traszka
jackal
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a slender long legged wild dog, szakal
yak
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a large domesticated wild ox with shaggy hair, humped shoulders, and large
Alsatian
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german shepherd, used as guard dogs or for police work.
foxhound
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a dog of a smooth haired breed with drooping ears, often trained to hunt foxes in packs over long distances, pies łowczy
greyhound
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chart, a dog of a tall, slender breed having keen sight and capable of high speed
gills
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the paired respiratory organ of fish and some amphibians, by which oxygen is extracted from water
toad
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a tailless amphibian with a short stout body and short legs, ropucha
elk
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moose, a large deer with palmate antlers
wildebeest
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gnu, a large dark antelope with a long head,
grasshopper/cricket
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a plant eating insect with long hind legs which are used for jumping and for producing a chirping sound,
ass
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a hoofed mammal of the horse family, which is typically smaller than a horse and has longer ears and a braying call, osioł, donkey
mule
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an offspring of donkey and the horse
hare
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a fast running, long eared mammal that resembles a large rabbit, zając
hooves
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the horny part of the foot of an ungulate animal, especially a horse, kopyto
stag
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a male deer
otter
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a semiaquatic fish eating mammal of the weasel family, wydra
racoon
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szop, a greyish brown American mammal which has a foxlike face with a black mask,
hawk
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jastrząb, a diurnal bird of prey
falcon
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a diurnal bird of prey, sokół
vulture
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sęp, a large bird of prey with the head and neck more or less bare of feathers,
woodpecker
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a bird with a strong bill and a stiff tail, which climbs tree trunks to find insects, dzięcioł
robin
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rudzik, brownback with red on the breast
swallow
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jaskółka, a migratory swift flying songbird
thrush
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drozd, a small or medium sized songbird, typically having a brown back, spotted breast, and loud song.
weasel
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łasica, a small, slender carnivorous mammal
skunk
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skunks, a cat sized American mammal of the weasel family, black and white striped fur
species of vermin
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robactwo, wild animals which are believed to be harmful to crops, farm animals, or game, or which carry disease.
stoat
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gronostaj, a small carnivorous mammal of the weasel family which has chestnut fur with white underparts and a black tipped tail
humming bird
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koliber, a small nectar feeding tropical American bird
porcupine
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jeżozwierz, a large rodent with defensive spines or quills on the body and tail.
prickly
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kolczasty, kłujący, covered in prickles
fins
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płetwa, a flattened appendage on various parts of the body of many aquatic vertebrates,
swordfish
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miecznik, a large edible marine fish with a streamlined body and a long flattened sword like snout
stingray
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płaszczka, a bottom dwelling marine ray with a flattened diamond shaped body
cuckoo
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announcer of spring, kukułka a long tailed, medium tailed, medium sized bird, typically with a grey or brown back and barred or pale underparts.
cockerel
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starts the day (a young domestic cock)
magpie
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petty thief sroka, a long tailed crow with boldly marked (or green) plumage and a noisy call.
to learn something...
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parrot fashion / you are able to repeat thewords, but you do not understand their meaning
as dead as a
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dodo / it is not important or popularany more
mare
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stallion
vixen
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fox
duck
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drake
goose
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gander
doe
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buck (horned animal, deer, antelope, reindeer)
bitch
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dog
cow
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bull
lion
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lioness
ewe
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ram (sheep)
tiger
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tigress
hen
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cock
cat
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tom(cat)
lambs
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young sheep
chicks
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young bird
larvae
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immature form of insect
caterpillars
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larva of butterfly/moth
cubs
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young fox/bear/lion/carnivous mammal
foals
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young horse
calves
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young cow/bull
piglets
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young pig
kids
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young goat
burrow
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hole/tunnel for a small animal/rabbit
stable/stall/shed
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home of farm animals
den/liar
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wild animals hidden home
hutch
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cage/box for rabbits
kennel
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shelter for dogs
sty
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home of pigs
herd of
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mammals
pack of
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wild animals/wolves
flock of
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birds
swarm of
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insects
shoal of
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fish
schools of
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whales
pride of
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lions
neigh
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characteristic high whinnying sound made by a horse.
bray
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donkeys, the loud, harsh cry of a donkey or mule
bay
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hounds a deep noise, especially the noise made by dogs when hunting
snapping
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irritable and inclined to speak
yapping
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give a sharp, shrill bark
wagging
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(tails) move or cause to move rapidly to and fro
squawk
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(hawks) make a loud, harsh noise
bleat
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(sheep) (of a sheep, goat, or calf) make a characteristic weak, wavering cry
cloaks
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(frog)
cheep/screech
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(birds) a short, high squeaky cry made by a young bird / give a loud, harsh, piercing cry
trumpet
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(elephants) make a loud, penetrating sound resembling that of a trumpet
grunt
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(pigs) make a low, short guttural sound.
hum
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(flies) make a low, steady continuous sound like that of a bee
howl
a long, doleful cry
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(wolves)
dogs
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(growl) make a low guttural sound of hostility in the throat
snarl
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(of an animal such as a dog) make an aggressive growl with bared teeth:
squeal
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(pigs) a long, high pitched cry or noise
snort
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an explosive sound made by the sudden forcing of breath through one's nose
quack
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(ducklings), harsh sound made by ducks
snap
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(bulldogs) break with sharp, cracking sound
hoot
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(owls), low, wavering, musical sounds
seed
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start of an idea/feeling / of discontent/of revolution
root
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origin of sth / going back to your roots
putting down roots
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settling down, making home in one place
to take root
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when an idea become known and accepted
grassroot supporters
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ordinary people in the organization, not the leaders
nipped in the bud
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stopped before it develops into sth
bud
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a growth on a plant that develops into a flower
stem
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a main body of plant
budding
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promise of future development / she’s a budding young actor
branch out
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sth that grows out of an organization / branches of shop
to weed out
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to get rid of
to prune back
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cut, limit / The government will probably have to prune back its proposals
reaping the rewards
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(of all her years of study), getting results from
reaping what we sowed
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experiencing the results of our actions
to have dug up
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have discovered (the journalists have dug up some interesting facts)
to germinate
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was begging to develop (the idea was germinating while we were on holiday)
to sprout up
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have been appearing quickly in large numbers (the shopping centers have been sprouting up all over the country)
to be flourishing
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is doing very well (our business is flourishing)
to shed its leaves
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to lose (companies shed job/employees, people shed worries/weight.
to thrive
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grow, develop well and successfully (the school is thriving, student numbers are up/she thrive on stress)
fade/wither/shrivel/wilt
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become dead, smaller, with less energy (students were starting to wilt)
a withering/wither look/glance/remark
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to make recipient feel scorned
shrinking habitats
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places where animals/plants live, becoming smaller
biodiversity
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variety of different types of species
global warming
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steady rise in average world temperatures
fossil fuels
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coal, oil etc.
greenhouse effect
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warming of the earth surface caused by pollution gases trap and redirect heat back to earth surface
to exert severe pressure
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puts/produce great great pressure
demographic projections
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forecasts about the population/ based on scientific data
exponentially
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extremely rapidly
depleting resources
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resources that are reducing
contaminating
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poisoning
precious commodity
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very valuable substance
pristine environments
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perfectly clean/untouched/unspoilt areas
water security
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ability to ensure that a population gas safe drinking water.
green credentials
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reputation for positive support of the envoirment
prophets of doom and gloom
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people who make depressing/pessimistic predictions about the future
sustainable development
sustainably
sustain
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development of industry that does not damage the evoirent or social/economic stability. sustainability
sustainable
renewable energy
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energy using sun/wind/crops rather than coal or other fuels that can not be replaced
toxicity. toxic. toxically
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toxicity. toxic. toxically
depletion. deplete. depleted
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depletion. deplete. depleted
copyright infringement
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a violation of the rights secured by a copyright/plagiarism
industrial piracy
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the unauthorized use or appropriation of patented or copyrighted material, ideas, etc
industrial espionage
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theft of trade secrets by the removal, copying or recording of confidential or valuable information in a company for use by a competitor
sweatshops
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factories where people work very long hours for low wages
trade union representation
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an union negotiating wages and conditions for the people it represents
piecework
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only paid of amount they produce
multinationals
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big companies operating in different countries
relocate/switch production to
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move the company offices/production
components
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part
assemble
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to put together
public-private partnerships
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partly state owned, partly owned by private industries
subsidy
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money/grants which enable to stay in profit
inward investment
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investment from foreign companies
privatisation
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selling off state property to private companies
nationalisation/state ownership
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when industry is owned by the government
conventional technology
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using standard, proven tech
cutting edge technology
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involving new/innovative tech.
hich tech(nology) industry
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involving computers (eg software industry
lowtech industry
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involving little/no computer technology
manufacturing industry
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making things/consumer goods
service industry
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serving people tourism, banking, restaurants
heavy industry
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steel works, shipbuilding
light industry
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manufacturing car parts, tv’s etc.
treetrunks
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the main woody stem of tree
blossom
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collective word for flowers
acorn
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żołądź, an oak nut
ash
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jesion
elm
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wiąz
beech
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buk
hedgerow
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żywopłot
nettles
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pokrzywa
rushes
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szuwary/sitowie
ferns
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paproćc
thistles
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oset
pine tree
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sosna
shrub
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krzew
cone
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szyszka
clover
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koniczyna
natural vegetation on land
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rośninność
foliage
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collective for leaves
sepals
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listek kielicha
stamens
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pręciki
pollen grains
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ziarnka pyłku
stye
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?
ovules in ovaries
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female germ cell in a reproductive organ
pollenation
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act of deposit pollen on flower and allow feritisation
cedar
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cedr
cypress
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cyprys
holly tree
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ostrokrzew
fir tree
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jodła
yew
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cis
silver birch
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brzoza
sycamore
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jawor
horsechestnut
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kasztan
poplar
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topola
plane tree
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platan
carnation
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goździk
bluebell
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dzwoneczek
daisy
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stokrotka
marigold
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nagietek
dandelion
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dmuchawiec, mlecz
pansy
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bratek
snowdrop
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przebiśnieg
primrose
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pierwiosnek
poppy
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mak
toadstools
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muchomor
heather and gorse
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heather and gorse
reeds
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trzcina/szuwary
long creepers
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pnącza
marshland
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moczary/bagna
bark
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kora, the tough protective outer sheath of the trunk, branches, and twigs
heath
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an area of open uncultivated land, typically on acid sandy soil, with characteristic vegetation of heather,
among the undergrowth
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a dense growth of shrubs and other plants, especially under trees in woodland, podszycie/runo
moorland
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wrzosowisko, en extensive area of moor
to be broke/skint
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have no money left
to be rolling in it
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have a lot of money/informal
to make ends meet
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to survive financially
to be strapped for cash
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needed money
the cheque bounced
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the bank refused to pay it
make cheque out to/payable to
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what name shall i put on it
direct debit
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a regular automatic payment
electronic trasfer
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movement of money from one account to another onine
put it/stick it on my credit card
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charge it to my credit card
APR
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annual precentage rate of interest
expiry date
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it is nit valid after
credit card fraud
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illegal use of someones card/account
debit card
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card where the money is taken directly from your account
store card
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credit card issued by a shop for that shop
PIN
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personal identification number
ATM
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automated teller machine, cash machine
to withdraw money
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to get money out of my account
lump sum
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single, large payments
golden handshake
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a large payment to someone leaving the job
severance pay
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pay when someones leaving the job
share portfolios
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combinstion of investment of diffirent types
stock market
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organisation which controls the buying/selling of parts of the ownership of companies
stocks and shares
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parts of ownership of companies people make as an investment
will
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official statement of what a person decided to do with their money after their death
fundamentally
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in a basic and important way
denial
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not allowing people to have
violation
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act that spoils or destroys sth
dignity
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worth
absolute poverty
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being poor according to a fixed minimum standard called poverty line
poverty line/threshold
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minimum level ofincome deemed adequate in a particular country.
relative poverty
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being poor in relation to others around you. it takes into account that there is no ucome equality between countries, depends on social context
social context
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situation
extreme poverty
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living below the poverty line, lacking in material npossesions and money
penury
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anitherm term for extreme poverty
human poverty
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being poor in a range of ways, not only financial it takes into accouns shelter, nutrition, sanitation, literacy levels, access to education and healthcare
deprived people
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deprivation, lacking in things considered neccesary for a pleasant life
nutrition
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food people take into their body
malnoutrished
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suffering from ill health because of poor food quality (malnoutrishment/malnoutrition)
affluence/to be affluent
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wealthy
breadline
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poverty line, having a lvl of income of an extremly poor person
poverty stricken
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affected by poverty
impoverished (areas)
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poor, without much money to live on
destitute people
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without money, food, home or possesion / destitution
living from hand to mouth
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having just enough money to live on without suffering
tighten our belts
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spend less than before
lowest icome brakcet
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the group earning the least money
sustainable development
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development which can continuenfor a long time
to take root
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started to be accepted
deep poverty
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object poverty
determined efforts
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long time unchanging trying
allocating funds
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giving to be used for a particular purpose
development grants
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money to help development
pursuing policies
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following plicies
eradicate poverty
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completely get rid of
debt burden
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the amount of debt that a particular country etc has, considered as a burden on itseconomy
easing the debt burden/cancelling debt
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lifting the debt
debtor countrues/nations
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countries who have debts
incurring more and more debt
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borrowing
alleviating debt/debt relief
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making the debt less severe/easier to pet
free trade agreements
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Treaty between two or more countries to establish a free trade area where commerce in goods and services can be conducted across their common borders, without tariffs or hindrances
restrictive practices
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the placing of unfair restrictions (limiting import)
trade wars
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two or more states raising or creating tariffs or other trade barriers on each other
embargoes
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total prohibition on importing/exporting certain goods
sanctions restrictions on what country may import/export /lifted
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sanctions Restrictions on what country a small import / export / lifted
monetary union
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Two or more countries with a single currency, or different currencies having a fixed mutual exchange rate
war torn economy
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ailing economies, badly affected by war
devaluation/revaluation of currency
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reduction/increase in value agains other countries
recession
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to come out of/emerge from
doubledip recession
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recession which ends and then begins again after short time
slump in prices
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serious fall/collapse in prices
to boost the economy
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give the economy a lift
to bend the law /rules
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to break them in not very harmful way
to contravene a law
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to break the law /contravention
to infringe a law
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to break the law/rule /infringe, emt
to impeach a president/governor
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to make a formal statement that a person in public office has committed s serious offence /impeachment
to lodge an appeal
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to make an official request that a previous judgement should be changed
to uphold/overturn a verdict
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to say that a previous decision in court was correct/incorrect
to pervert the course of justice
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to make it difficult for justice to be done
to quash a conviction
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to change a previous official decision that someone was guilty
to set a precedent
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to establish a decision which must usually, in English law, be taken into account in future decision
to award/grant custody
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to give one parent/adult the main responsibility for a child, especially after separation or divorce
to annul an agreement/marriage/law
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to declare that it no longer exists and never existed (annulment)
to sue someone
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to take legal action against someone
to allege
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to sat that someone has done sth illegal without giving a proof
to amend a law
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to make changes to the law
discrimination
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unfair treatment on grounds of race/sex/nationality (to discriminate)
embezzlement
embezzler)
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stealing money that is in your care/belongs to an organization that you work for (to embezzle
harassment
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making a person feel anxious and unhappy (sometimes for sexual reasons, sometimes to get fe debt repaid, to harass)
insider trading/dealing
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illegal buying and selling of shares by someone who has specialist knowledge of company (do/practise insider dealing / insider trader/dealer)
money laundering
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moving money obtained illegally so that its origin cannot be traced (to launder money / money launderer)
perjury
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lying when under oath (to commit perjury/ perjurer)
trespass/trespassing
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go onto someone else’s land without permission (to trespass/trespasser)
a law abiding person
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always obeys the law
a law breaker
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sone who often & deliberately does not obey the law
to take the law into your own hands
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do sth illegal to punish sone because u feel the legal system will not punish that person
lay down the law
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say with great force what you think should happen
someone is a law unto himself
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he behaves in a independent way, not the way in which most people behave

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