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Question		Answer
life expectancy start learning		the average number of years that a person can be expected to live, usually from birth, given that demographic factors remain unchanged
calorie intake start learning		the amount of food per person per day
access to safe water start learning		access to water that is affordable, at sufficient quantity and available without excessive effort and time
access to health services start learning		usually measured in the number of people per doctor or per hospital
malnutrition start learning		diet that is lacking or has too much in quantity or quality of foods
obesity start learning		too much energy/ protein foods
marasmus start learning		lack of calories/energy in the diet
kwashiorkok start learning		lack of protein in the diet
temporary hunger start learning		a short-term decline in the availability of food to a population in an area
famine start learning		a long-term decline in the availability of food in a region
Life expectancy //i start learning		varies from over 80 years in a number of rich countries, such as Sweden, Japan, to under 40 years in Zambia, Angola and Swaziland. Swaziland has the lowest at under 32 years. The reason for the low and declining life expectancy in many Sub-Saharan
Life expectancy II start learning		Most countries would expect to see life expectancy rise over time. As a country develops, it should have better food supply, clean water and adequate housing.
Life expectancy, However III start learning		However, a number of countries saw their life expectancy fall betwee 1970 and 2000-05. These include Zambia from 50 to 39 years and Zimbabwe from 55 to 40 years. In contrast, in Burma one of the poorest nations in Asia, life expectancy rose from 53 to 60
Infant mortality rate I start learning		IMR varies from a low of 2% in Iceland to over 150% in Angola, Afghanistan and Sierre Leone. There is very strong correlation between types of country and IMR
IMR II start learning		Countries with a HDI have a low IMR, and those with the low HDI have a hish IMR. The region with the highest IMRs is sub-saharan Africa, with an average IMR of 102% in 2005
Calorie intake I start learning		The intake of food varies from a low of just over 1500 calories per person per day in Afghanistan and Eritrea to highs of over twice that amount in the developed worldd
calories intake II start learning		the largest intakes are seen in countries such as the USA-3774 Calories, portugal 3740. Newly industrializing countries such as China and India are associated with rising food intakes - 2951 and 2459 calories, respectively
HALE Definition start learning		an indicator of the overall health of a population. It combines measures of both age- and sex- specific health data and mortality data into a single statistic.
Hale indicates start learning		indicates the number of expected years of life equivalent to years lived in full health, based on the average experience in a population. Thus HALE is not only a measure of quantity of life but also quality of life
HALE III start learning		Life expectancy and HALE generally increase with educational attainment. However, the difference between these measures diminishes as education level rises
HALE IV start learning		Therefore, less highly educated people are doubly worse off. Not only do they have shorter life expectancies, but they also shoulder a higher burden of ill health during their shorter lifetimes than their more highly educated counterparts
Food miles definition start learning		a measure of the distance that food travels from its source to the consumer. This can be stated either in units of actual distance or of energy consumed during transport
Food miles advantage I start learning		give an indication of the carbon footprint from farm-gate to retail location and allow consumers to know the origin of the food they are buying
FOOD MILE ADV. II start learning		Provide information about the likely type of transportation used and the relative costs of different forms of transport
food miles dis I start learning		they don't take account of the carbon footprint of food production methods or the energy/water requirements used in different farming systems.
food miles II dis start learning		Locally produced foods may have low food miles but a very high energy footprint (growing out0of-season crops in glasshouses).
Food miles III dis start learning		delivery of farm produce to retailers and consumers may not necessarily take the shortest route available
FOOD MILES DIS IV start learning		give no indication of the use of organic methods. The food miles concept ignores other environmental aspects eg. sustainability, energy efficiency, pesticides and their effect on local ecosystems.
food miles conclusion start learning		food miles are useful but far from perfect as an indicator of environmental impact
Free trade start learning		allows a country to trade competitively with another country. There are no restrictions regarding what can be exported or imported
Trading blocs start learning		an arrangement among a number of countries to allow free trade among member countries but to impose tariffs on countries that may wish to trade with them
bilateral arrangements start learning		when one consumer enters an agreement with one producer
multilateral arrangements start learning		occur when a number of countries agree to import goods from a number of other countries
fair trade start learning		trade that attempts to be socially, economically and environmentally responsible. It is trde in which companies take responsibility for the wider impact of their business

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