descriptive grammar

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Question Answer
nouns podzial
start learning
proper, common count, not-count
no-count liczymy za pomoca
start learning
classifiers
verbs podzial
start learning
static dynamic
verbs podzial participants
start learning
intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive
intransitive verbs
start learning
one participant - john is running
monotransutive
start learning
2 participants - mary knows the president
ditransitive
start learning
3 participants- john gave mary the dollars
seem
start learning
copular
appear
start learning
copular
sound
start learning
copular
turn
start learning
copular
look
start learning
copular
smell
start learning
copular
taste
start learning
copular
feel
start learning
copular
get
start learning
copukar
complex transitive verbs
start learning
mary considers john an imposter
believe
start learning
complex transit
consider
start learning
complex transit
find
start learning
complex transit
judge
start learning
complex transit
keep
start learning
comlex transit
think
start learning
complex transit
know
start learning
complex transit
presume
start learning
complex teansit
presume
start learning
complex transit
many
start learning
det
all
start learning
det
that
start learning
sub
verbs podzial
start learning
modal, non-modal auxiliary
following
start learning
adj
podzial czasownikow
start learning
lexical, modal, non-modal auxuliary
korygować
start learning
revise
konczyc
start learning
terminate
wytlumaczyc
start learning
account for
at home
start learning
wyrazenie przyimkowe
in time
start learning
prepositional phrase
with me
start learning
prepositional phrase
at home
start learning
prepositional phrase
word classes ile
start learning
8
words podzial
start learning
content, function
concent words
start learning
lexical morphemes
function words
start learning
grammatical morphemes
noncount
start learning
masscount
nouns podzial
start learning
concrete, abstract, collective
several
start learning
determiner
which
start learning
determiner
whose
start learning
determiner
degree words
start learning
intensifiers -rather, very, so
Adjective rodzaje
start learning
attributive, predicative
lexical verb
start learning
main verb
paradigm
start learning
set of all inflectional forms of the word
rodzaje przymiotnikow ze wzgledu na stopniowanie
start learning
analytical, synthetic
determiners rola
start learning
they determine the noun phrase
reference
start learning
definite, indefinite
indefinite reference
start learning
specific, unspecific
prepozirions podział
start learning
spacial, temporal
coordinators
start learning
join the elements of the same status
subordinator
start learning
introduct clauses
subordinator
start learning
introduct clauses
subordinator
start learning
introduct clauses
clause
start learning
full grammatical unit
too
start learning
degree word
most
start learning
degree word
need
start learning
auxiliary
whatever
start learning
determiner
lexicon
start learning
the inventory of all the morphemes
aka
start learning
also known as
word class
start learning
lclass of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties
distribution
start learning
the environment in which the members of s class typically occur
losowy
start learning
arbitrary
jednostka
start learning
entity
zewnetrzny
start learning
external
classifiers
start learning
unit nouns
verbs odmiana
start learning
six-term inflectional paradigm
fairly
start learning
degree modifier
very
start learning
degree modifier
three years
start learning
measure phrase
predictive adjectives
start learning
complements of a copular verb
zdrajca
start learning
traitor
her
start learning
determiner
hers
start learning
pronoun
inflwction
start learning
adjusting to the context
derivation
start learning
morphological operations by wchich new words are formed
root
start learning
carries the lexical information
interfix
start learning
goes in between(o)
infix
start learning
inside a single lexem
circumfix
start learning
en
3 types of compounds
start learning
endocentric, exocentric, appositional
appositional
start learning
both elements have equal status
exocentric
start learning
u cant say that 1 element is more important than the other
endocentric
start learning
1 element describes the other
conversion
start learning
lexical recategorisation
back-formation
start learning
removing part of the word that we have
reduplication
start learning
repetition of the word/slight chanfe
clipping
start learning
cutting the part of the word
blending
start learning
we take 2 words clip one element and put together
acronomization
start learning
taking the first letters, sylabs
internal modification
start learning
creating new words by substituting the sounds
another
start learning
pronoun
morphology
start learning
deals with internal structure of words
morphem
start learning
the smallest component of the world
simple words simplexes
start learning
lexical items made of one morpheme
podzial na words
start learning
simple words, complex words
concatenative processes
start learning
putting together a basr and an affix or two or more morphemes
non-concatenative processes
start learning
no morpheme is joined with another morpheme
cicumfix
start learning
in- unproductive in english
types of morphrmes
start learning
prefix, suffix, root, interfix,
compounding
start learning
concatenation of at least two root morphemes
girlfriend
start learning
appositional
woman dictor
start learning
appositional
woman doctor
start learning
appositional
sleepwalk
start learning
appositional
tennis shoe
start learning
endocentric
kitchen chair
start learning
endocentric
sit-in
start learning
exocentric
pickpocket
start learning
exocentric
redhead
start learning
exocentric
borrowings
start learning
enter a language from the system of another panguage
many
start learning
specifier
our
start learning
specifier
so
start learning
specifier
too
start learning
specifier
right
start learning
specifier
quite
start learning
specifier
just
start learning
specifier
word form
start learning
the different ways a word can the context of languageexist in
head
start learning
minimal projection
phrases r endocentric
start learning
they r built around the head successively
constituency test N
start learning
N - one/ones, pronoun,
constituencg tests v
start learning
do so, ellipsis, did
constituency tests
start learning
movement: topic, postponing, subject aux inversion, passive for NP
tom
start learning
volume
argument structure
start learning
the number and kinds of arguments a predicate takes
podmiot
start learning
subject
orzeczenie
start learning
predicate
agent restructions
start learning
nie stative verb with experiencer
what x did was
start learning
x - agent, force, cause
what happend to x was
start learning
x - patient, theme
causative alternation
start learning
jane broke the cup
inochative alternation
start learning
the cup broke
(indefinite) object drop
start learning
mike ate (the cake)
dative alternation
start learning
bill sold tom a car, bill sold a car to tom
benefactive alternation
start learning
martha carved a toy for the baby- the baby a toy
locative alternation
start learning
jack sprayed the wall WITH paint/the table OF dishes
middle alternation
start learning
this book reads well
adding goal pp
start learning
John drove (to Paris)
understood reflexive object alternation
start learning
john shaves in the morning
agent
start learning
animate initiator
force
start learning
inanimate cause of an action
instrument
start learning
the means by which an event is caused
experiencer
start learning
the animate being affected inwardly
source
start learning
the place from which an action emnate
goal
start learning
the place to which or pwrson to whom an action is dorected
path
start learning
the path taken in moving from one place to another
location
start learning
the place at/in which or time at which an action occurs
possessor
start learning
the possessor of a thing
inalienable possession
start learning
Judy’s head
alienable possession
start learning
judys car
benefactive
start learning
the person/thing for which an action is performed
factitive
start learning
the object resulting from an action having no prior existence
patient
start learning
a person or thing affected by an action
patient
start learning
undergoes a change
theme
start learning
undergoes actiob transferred/moved
neutral
start learning
person/thing not changed but simply presented
range
start learning
specification/limitatiin of an action
role
start learning
a person playing a role/part in an action
direct object
start learning
who what
indirect object
start learning
to whom for whom
case frame
start learning
abstract specification of the thematic role possibilities for each predicate
predicates
start learning
relations or operations carried out on the participants
arguments
start learning
the participants
testing dynamism
start learning
ing
testing durativity
start learning
check po: for 10 minutes/until dawn
testing telicity
start learning
for 10 minutes, in 10 minutes
active voice subject
start learning
agent experiencer
passive voice subkect
start learning
patient/theme
passivisation
start learning
complemment becomes the subject
obligatory by phrase with:
start learning
follow, precede
the double object construction forces
start learning
the possessive relation
rules for how u interpret words and their combinations
start learning
semantics
rules for putting words together in phrases and sentences
start learning
syntax
the chemical composition of waterbis h2o
start learning
timeless statement
cicha woda brzegi rwie
start learning
Still waters run deep
i think
start learning
state
przeslanka, zlozenje
start learning
premise
I will
start learning
premise
I am
start learning
intention
i’m going to
start learning
strong intention
will you be going
start learning
asking about plans
will you go
start learning
request
I was meeting
start learning
the meeting started before
i have been very busy
start learning
still february, 0 nit completed
I had hoped
start learning
in the past
I was hoping
start learning
polite expression
has been placing
start learning
repeated action — keep doing it
has killed rabbits
start learning
no more rabbits
has been killing rabbits
start learning
some rabbits still
I didnt’t have time in the morning
start learning
no longer the morning
I haven’t had time in the morning
start learning
morning still
where has steve gone for his holiday
start learning
he is still on holidays
where has steve been going for
start learning
repeated action
where did steve go for
start learning
he is no longer there
rules of X’ syntax
start learning
rules for adding a complement, adjunct, specifier to a head
clause
start learning
sentence-elements or the parts sentences are built from
4 levels analyse
start learning
word level, phrase level, clause level, sentence level
syntactic units the rank scale
start learning
1.) sentence 2.) clause 3.) phrase 4.) word/lexical category
subordinate clause
start learning
embedded clause
subordinate/embeeded clause
start learning
clause within a main clause
that
start learning
conjunction/subordinator
sentence
start learning
independent unit of syntax
clause
start learning
may be dependent/independent
finite verb
start learning
verb inflected for tense and/or agreement
sentence are always
start learning
finite
subordinate clauses
start learning
finite/non-finite
finite verb forms
start learning
carry tense (and agreement)
if clauses
start learning
always finite
modal auxiliaries
start learning
finite verb forms
that clauses
start learning
always finite
bare infinitive
start learning
non-finite verb form
present participle
start learning
non-finite verb form
past participle
start learning
non-finite verb clause
to infinitive
start learning
non-finite verb clause
main sentence type
start learning
declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative
wh - order of declarative sen
start learning
when wh word corresponds to subject or complement of copula verb
imperative sentences
start learning
finite
exclamative sentence
start learning
initial wh word, do not display subject auxiliary inversion
dependent finite clauses form
start learning
that, if, wh
dependent finite clauses, syntactic functions
start learning
subject clauses, direct object claused, adjunct clauses
np as a direct object
start learning
I know (this book)
clause as a direct object
start learning
I know (that john will come)
Np as subject
start learning
(his phone-call) surprised me
clause as subject
start learning
(that john came) surprised me
finite adjunct clauses
start learning
I will repair it (when I return)
that clauses
start learning
cannot function as adjunctd
to inf as a direct object with an overt subject
start learning
Ann considers (Helen to be an excellent director)
to infinitive clauses as direct object without an overt subjct
start learning
Gary wants to leave
to inf clause as direct object with wh word
start learning
he forgot ehat to sat to the examiners
to infinite clause as a subjct with overt subject
start learning
(for u to park here) would be illigal
to inf clause as subject without overt subj
start learning
to park here is illegal
to inf clauses as adjuncts with an overt subject
start learning
(for marry to pass her driving test) she will need to takr many more lessons
to inf clauses as adjuncts without an overt subject
start learning
in order to/ so as to
bare infinitive clauses as adjunct
start learning
eather than, sooner than, NO OVERT SUabJECT
taxi
start learning
cab
ing participle as adjunct
start learning
(the streets being completrly deserted) Jackie preferred to take a cub
ing participle clause as adjunct without a sub of their oen
start learning
(working on his essay late), tom was quickly becoming tired
ed participle clause as adjunct with a subject of his owb
start learning
we were all excited (the plan sccepted by the government)
ed part clause as adjunct eithout subject of their oen
start learning
formulated clearly, thid dtatement will caude no problems
dusic sie
start learning
suffocate
function of claused complement of n
start learning
idea, information, command, suggestion, question
clause as a compømnt of AP
start learning
I sm (eager (to work with u))
clause complment of p
start learning
he is uncertain (pp about (what u said to me))
relative clauses adjuncts
start learning
restrictive = defining relative clause
restrictive(relative clauses)
start learning
info that is necessary for identifying the referent of the np
clauses as adjuncts
start learning
non restrictive = non-defining clauses
non-restrictive clauses
start learning
does not add further info that cobtributes to identifying the referent of np
non restrictive rel clauses
start learning
marked by commas
complementizers non- finite clauses
start learning
r introduced by FOR I want (for u to be happy)
that necessary
start learning
clause as subject/ complement
that required
start learning
if the clausal compøement is moved to the left
for required:
start learning
complement separated from the verb, pseudo clefts
for required in non-f if cl
start learning
has an overt subjects, functions as subject or adjunct
if whether as complmntizers
start learning
always obligatory!!!
if introduces
start learning
FINITE embeeded claused
Whether introduces
start learning
FINITE and NON-FINITE embedded clauses
lexical entry
start learning
1.) gram category 2.) argument structure 3.) thematic structure 4.) subcategorization frame
parts of speech
start learning
words
or, and, but = parts of speech
start learning
coordinators
that if part of speech
start learning
subordinator
your time is up
start learning
A
the balloons rose up to the sky
start learning
Adv
they live just up the street from us
start learning
P
the dog tore up the slipper
start learning
prt
major word classes
start learning
lexical categories
minor word classes
start learning
functional cat
kostka masla
start learning
a stick of butter
classifier with count noun
start learning
a heap of books
copular verbs
start learning
1 participant + 1 constituent
she got her hair wet
start learning
comolex transitive
participants
start learning
arguments
verbs
start learning
predicators
adjectives
start learning
* gradable * non-gradable
synthetic inflection for grade
start learning
old-older-oldedest
analytical inflection for grafe
start learning
beutiful - more beautiful
fairly
start learning
degree modifier / measure phrase
very, extremely, three years
start learning
degree modifier, measure phrase
very, rather, extremely
start learning
degree adverbs
A vs Adverbs
start learning
Adverbs do not combine with nouns in Attributive position
primary auxiliaries
start learning
have, be
dummy auxiliary
start learning
do
this/ that
start learning
demonstratives
determiners
start learning
articles, demonstratives, possessives
my his her
start learning
determiner
hers
start learning
pronoun
indefinite reference
start learning
specific/ unspecific
come round the corner
start learning
P
come roumd with some fresh air
start learning
adv
idle
start learning
próżnować, bezczynny
adjectives
start learning
4 subcategories
abstract to concrete
start learning
personality- a personality
mass to count
start learning
beer -> 2 beers
count to mass
start learning
1 garlic - the smell of garlic
one of the major types of morphologucal operations by which new words r formed
start learning
derivation
simple wirds= morphological simplexes
start learning
lexical items made of one morpheme
morph
start learning
free morph bound morph
free morph
start learning
root
affix
start learning
always a bound root
derivational affix
start learning
prefix/ suffix
simple word
start learning
1 free root
complex word
start learning
1 free root + 1/more bound morphs
compund word
start learning
2 free roots
compound - complex
start learning
2 free roots+ bound morphs
derivation
start learning
additiom of a word-forming afix
conversion
start learning
functional shift
functional shift
start learning
conversion
a combination of two or more free roots
start learning
compound
root creation
start learning
invention of an entirely new root morpheme
prefix
start learning
un, mis, over
suffix
start learning
er, ship, ful, ist
interfix
start learning
gramophone
infix
start learning
kangabloodyroo
circumfix
start learning
enliven
compouding
start learning
concatenation of at least two root morphemes
endocentric comp
start learning
kitchen chair
exocentric compound
start learning
pickpocket, redhead
appositional compund
start learning
woman doctor
conversion
start learning
empty (adj) -> to rmpty
clipping
start learning
fridge
blending
start learning
workoholic
acronymization
start learning
VIP
internal modification
start learning
iife-live, drip- drop, feed-food
borrowings
start learning
hamburger, pin, pit
borrowings from eng
start learning
spruce, britzka
* know the ansers źle bo
start learning
imperative require eventive verb + agent
know the anwers zle bo nie moze byc
start learning
stative verb, experiencer
only ... license purpose clauses
start learning
agent
what y did to x
start learning
y - agent/animate cause
bil liked the film
start learning
source
locative alternation. henry cleared dieshes from the table
start learning
henry cleared the table of dishes
john drove - john drove to paris
start learning
adding goal pp
john shaves in the morning
start learning
understood reflexive object alternation
this book reads easily
start learning
middle alternation
the situation types differ in
start learning
dynamism, durativity, trlicity
dynamic test
start learning
checking if predicate is compatible eith progressive aspect
state can be used in the progressive
start learning
if a state can be interpreted as temporary or the degree
durativity test
start learning
checking if predicate is compatible with pp like for 10 minutes/until dawn
the plane flee
start learning
atelic
she ate a bowl of rice
start learning
telic
she ate rice
start learning
atelic
telicy test
start learning
checking which temporal adverbial is compatible with the verbal predicate
telic situations test
start learning
in ten minutes
atelic situation test
start learning
fir ten minuted
pp measure in telic situations must measure
start learning
the duration of the situation
she opened the windows for 10 minutes
start learning
telic- pp measures the duration
the can will explode in 2 minutes
start learning
telic
twierdzic
start learning
to assert
* i think about my work now
start learning
think involves mental activity
progressive aspect with punctual events
start learning
only to express repetitions
the soldier was dying
start learning
lead to a punctual event
np as adjunct
start learning
yesterday/last year/ the minth before/this second
advP as adjunct
start learning
urgently, repeatedly, officially
pp as adjunct
start learning
in a rush
pp as adjunct
start learning
outdide London, in some ways, by the council
* john closed (carefully) the door
start learning
an adjunct cannot separate the verb from its direct object
adjuncts can stack
start learning
I saw the film (several times) (last year)
complements of prepositions
start learning
np, pp(out of love) clause uncertain about what you sais
complements of adjectives
start learning
pp - dependend on clause - eager to help
cpmplements of nouns
start learning
pp (specialisation in), clause -consideration whether, np linguistics student
intransitive verbs
start learning
not require a complement, may have adjuncts
intransitive verbs do not take a complement
start learning
william blushed
complements of verb
start learning
pp listentomusic, np/pp indirect objects hive my brother a present
complement of verbs
start learning
np - drink two glasses of, clause -confirm that...
happy
start learning
about/with
np adjunct
start learning
this week
pp adjunct
start learning
in the park
ap adjunct
start learning
very long
np complement
start learning
read(a book)
pp complement
start learning
rely (on mary)
ap cpmplement
start learning
be(very happy)
non-complements and non-adjuncts
start learning
specifiers
head alone
start learning
vp - take photos, ap -on the table
bracked diagram for the sentence
start learning
[tp[np the[ap little] monk ]...
the journalist interviewed in tuxedo
start learning
the journalist interwiewed him ib s tuxedo
the journalist interviewed in a tuxedo
start learning
clefting - this is an actor in a tucedo that intereiewed
constituent
start learning
phrase
the postman lost his keys yesterday constituents
start learning
he lost it then
how id the meaning determined?
start learning
passive, auciliary inversion
him, I don‘t like
start learning
topicalisation
but climp the rockets they never will
start learning
topicalisation
captain link was examined by the vet
start learning
passivisation
anna hit with pepper dpray some poor guy
start learning
heavy np shift
the x’schema
start learning
intermediate projection, intermediate projection, maximal projection
PS rules
start learning
generate hierarrchical structure
ps rules
start learning
tell us how to build phrases
structure building begins wirh the word category
start learning
the head of the structure
general schems
start learning
X‘ schema
X
start learning
head
YP
start learning
cpnstituent, comolement
X‘
start learning
intermediate projection
RP
start learning
adjunct
ZP
start learning
specifier
X‘
start learning
intermediate structure
english-head initial language
start learning
complements follow their heads
complement of the verb
start learning
object
*louise abandonedd
start learning
project is a complement, it is not omissible
the last constituent that can be merged in a phtlrase
start learning
specifier
complete phrase
start learning
a maximal projection of the head
specifier
start learning
right, straight, very, quite, her, the
the specifier of the sentence
start learning
subject
syntactic selection is referred to as
start learning
SUBCATEGORISATION
Endocentricity - phrases are endocentric
start learning
they r built around the head successively
head
start learning
the minimal projection
complements
start learning
expand x into x’
adjuncts
start learning
expand recursively x’ into x’
specifiers
start learning
expand x’ into xp
* but jim did so a magazine
start learning
substitution for the head alone impossible
ellipsis - substitution for np
start learning
but Jim is not
ellipsis constituemcy tests for vp
start learning
and nor will jay
the new teacher did
start learning
replacemrnt for entire vp
preposing =
start learning
topicalisation
* the spealer they know on the stge
start learning
no subpart of np moveable
topicalisation
start learning
the candidate came in for interview and highly intelligent she was indeed
topicalisation
start learning
the dy before the accident, they walked to the party
talk to him i never will
start learning
topicalistion
postponing
start learning
heavy np shift
they presented the speaker on the stage to millicent
start learning
heavy np shift
subj aux inverdion for dubject nps
start learning
was the mn with the scar singing songs in desperation?
clefting
start learning
it is his resignation that the chairman is handing in.
* what the tiger did at the gorilla was smile
start learning
no part of vp possible
coordinators
start learning
conjunctions
coordination
start learning
linking constituents to form larger structures (constituents)
coordination
start learning
phrases must be syntactically parallel
* lee went to the store and crazy
start learning
the parallelism allows elements of the same category
coordination involves
start learning
syntactic and semantic parallelism
*black car*no, king of sweden
start learning
only maximal projections/full phrases can occur as sentence fragments
tree and bracket diagrams
start learning
are representations of constituent structure
constituency tests
start learning
do sl, ellipsis, did, movement, heavy np shift, subject aux inversion, passive for nps
constituency tests
start learning
passive for np, clefting, pseudo clefting, coordinstion
verbs describing situations specify
start learning
whether they r relational or not
relations or operations carried out on the participants
start learning
predicate
1 place predicate
start learning
Frank is irish
2 place predicate
start learning
Diana left the gym
4 place predicate
start learning
he flew from ny to havana via miami
o place predicate
start learning
0 place predicates
semantic notions
start learning
1/2/3 place ptedicate
syntactic notions
start learning
intransitive/monotransitive/ditransitive
predicates nie tylko verbs tez
start learning
nouns, adjectives/adverbs, prep
* john is fond
start learning
2 place predicate - does not allow any arguments to be kmplicit
v envy
start learning
2 place predicate with 2 obligatory arguments
a envious
start learning
2 place predicate, one implicit
* they r at
start learning
at - 2 place predicate
* florence is between milan
start learning
between- 3 place predicate
nouns as predicated
start learning
Pauls analysy of the data was superfluous
adjectives as predicates
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John is envious
prepositions as predicates
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they r at the station
the bottlw contains alcohol
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location
people filled the room
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location
the man with the dog/ with brown hair
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possessor
coach
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kareta, powóz
the coast is clearch turned into a punpkin
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factirive
the chicken was baked by me
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patient
it costs a hundred dollars
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range
it weights 80 kilograms
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range
hum
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nucić
he hummed a silly tune
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range
he lived out his life happily
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range
lexical representation of predicates
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argument structure
weather predications
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no referential argument, no thematic relation involved
subcategorisation
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lets us encode the category of the complement of a lexical item
#my chocolate cake saw the phoneme
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semantic selection
experiencer
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encodes animate being
sentient
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czujący
* john envies
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out-argument and thematic structure violatiib and subcategorization restriction violation
* john is envious mary
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out- violates subcategorization restriction of envious
# the car envious mary
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semantically ill informed
rozwscieczyc
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enrage
the child took the book off thr shelf
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source
his leaving pleases me
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source
the sun gives off heat
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source
a caterpillar turns into the butterfly
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source
i walked upstairs
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goal
she did it for love
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goal
path
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over the mountains
along the raiload tracks
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via
specifier
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may be obligatory in the phrase
obligatory specifier
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determiner
* this the book
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specifoers don’t stuck
specifiers
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r not mobile
impossibility of recurdion and immobility
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so, rather
so, rather
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det
utterly as adjunct
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so utterly incompetent ok utterly so *
* he was completely so in the wrong
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so- specifier of pp
right
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determiner
specifier
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precedes x’ in english
not
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specifier of a negated vp
subjects in clauses
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SPECIFIERS
obligatory determiners
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det in NP, NP in TP
Specifier in NP
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a/some/out/this
spec in vp
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negation
specifier in ap
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too, how, so
spec in advp
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rather, too, so, this, that
specifier in pp
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right, just, quite
specifoer in clause
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NP
specifoer in clause
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pp- under the stairs was a safe area
specifier in clause
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clause- to be good... where to eat, why...
specofier in clause
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ap restledd is what i would call him
advp specifier
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cautiously is how i would suggedt u do it
spec ln clause
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formal requirement of grammar, not slways interpretable
specifoer in clause
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formal requirement, not always interpretable
spec in clause not always interpretable - there r two lions in the cage
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if often rains in england, there r teo lions
it is late
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it - not interpretable
the specifier of T
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question tags as a pronoun
the final element added in a phrase
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specifier
every phrase has 3 levels of structure
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x, x’, x’’
never
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spec of vp
spec of ap
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HOW nice
a juvenile
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nieletni
a private
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szeregowy
a natural
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naturszczyk
a daily
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dziennik
herd
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tłum, stado
your time is up
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A
the balloons rose up to the sky
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adv
the dog tore up the slipper
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prt
they live just up the street from us
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adv
would you write your adress down for me
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prt
he ran down the stairs
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P
he looked down because he was embarassed
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adv
dummy auxiliary
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do
primary auxiliaries
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have, be
vis
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potęga, siła
monotheism root
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THE
syntactic pattern
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V+ N+ er>N
hover
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unosic sie
pług
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plow
drip
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kapać
clean-cut
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wyrazisty
badmouth
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obgadywac
cranapple
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semantically opaque
neologizm
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literary coinage
canary od canary islands
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commonization
split adjective
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an adverb placed between to and the verb makes a split infinitive
constituency tests
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wh fronting -what, ommission
words that combine with nouns
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determiners
idles
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3 rd sg pres inflectional form
idled
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past tense form
adjectives subcategorisation
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adjectives dividen into fojr subcatrgories
recategorisatiin abstract to concrete
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personality -> a personality
mass to count recategorisation
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beer/2 beers
count to mass recategorisation
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1 garlic/ the smell of garlic
Proper to common recategorisstion
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einstain -> an einstein
constituent
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a wird that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure
semantics
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rules for how u interpret words and their combinations
syntax
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rules for putting words together in phrases and sentencess
* a jously husband
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adverbs do not combine with nouns in attributive position
* he became jealously
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adverbs do not combine with nouns in predicative position
AP
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completely dry
different types of words
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1.) simple tree 2.) complex 3.) compound
kieszonkowiec
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a pickpocket
ing czesc mowy
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gerund
yourself
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pronoun
another
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pronoun
drip->drop, sell-sale, bent - bend
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internal modification, breath-breathe
potega sila
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vis
invisibly root
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vis
what
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PRONOUN
so
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CONJUNCTION
declarative
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statement of fact/assertion
interrogative
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question
imperative
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directive
exclamative
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exclamation
aspect
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progressive, non-progressive, perdfective
refuction
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by ellipsis/ by pro-form
reduction by ellipsis
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I would like to go with u but Ucant
reduction by pro-form
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was he arrested? Im afraid SO
pro-forms: one, other
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there r not probouns-pron cant be used with determiners!
clause reduction
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the entire clause is reduced to the proforms this that and it
this
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clausal prp-form
it
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clausal proform
topicalization
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a post-verbal constituent is in the sentence initial position
left dislocation
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a constituent is displaved from its basic position to the sentence initial position, leaves a pronominal copy
passive
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construction that enables the object of verb to become the topic
focaliztion
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movement to the left to mark focus/contrast
focalization
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10 years we lived there
focalization
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that bowl we got in Italy. the other...
it cleft
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the message is split into two parts(it is ...-> focused)
pseudo-cleft
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the message is split into two parts. that ...-> focused firegrounded
driven movements to the right
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extraposition, sub-v inversion, heavy np shift, there insertion, right dislocation
right dislocation
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the reverse of left dislocation
right dislocation
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a sentence with additional np which is reffered to a pronoun inside the main sentence
right dislocation
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the right dislocated constituent is focused
heavy np shift
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heavy np moved to the right end position in accordance with the heaviness principle
heavy np
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long/complex np
extraposition feom np
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relative clause/adjunct moves to the sentence final position
extraoosition feom np
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six women appeared with yellow hats
restrictions on extraposition from np
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possible with clauses containing intransitive verbs
it extraposition
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the displced subject or object leaves it in the positiom from which it moved rightward to the sentence final position
it extraposition
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that...- new info
2 it extraposition constructions
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displacing the subject, displacing the object
it extraposition restrictions
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the extraposed constituent must be a clause or a gerund
restriction on it-extraposition
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a clause in the subject position must correspond to given information, if not sub extraposition is obligatory
it extraposition complex transitive verbs - complement clause
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it - obligatory
subject verb inversion
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the subject is inverted with the dependent of the verb
subject - verb inversion
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the inverted subject introduces new information
subject verb inversion
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on her desk was a bowl of fruit
sub verb inversion restriction
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if the subject is old inf and the dependent is new there is no inversion
there insertion
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pronoun there isin the subject position in so-called existential or presentstional clauses
there insertion
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lexical subject is is presented as new to the sddressee
there insertion restrivction
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copular verb/ any other that can serve asthe subject of that verb
there -insertion + adjectival predicate
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adjective must describe some non-pernament property
restrictions on there insertion
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definite nps impossible
reduction
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by ellipsis/ by pro-form
clause reduction
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the entire clause is reduced to the pro-forms this, that, it
vp reduction
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vp may be omitted, do so/that is used as a pro-form replacing the vp
vp reduction
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she suggestedthat i should sell the house but i dont want to DO THAT yet
restrictiona on vp reduction
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vp ellipsis is possible obly if what is omitted is the entire vp
the subject of the sentence
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given info, topic
the predicate of the sentence
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new info, comment
topic
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what an uterrance is about
comment
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what is said about the topic
contrast
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the information is in contrast to another entity
contrast marked by
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only/rather
topicalisation= fronting
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movement of a word, phrssclause to the beginning of the sentence
fronting= topicalisation
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the fronted wlement becomes topic, info at the end of the sentence focused
left dislocation
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moves aword, phrase, clause at the. eginning of the sentence, but it leaves the pronominal copy of the fronted element
left-dislocation
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reintroduce the GIVEN info, this info becomes TOPIC
cleft sentence
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clefted element— new info, comment
pseudocleft
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new info, focus to the end of the sentence
passive
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the object becomes the subject - give. info/topic
extraposition from np
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kovement of the relative clause ot other rlement modyfyibg element out to the end of the senyence
declarative sentence basic word order
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S V(aux) O
the notiona that have a role in the availability of syntactic variants in situational context
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contrast, givenness/newness
given information
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information that is known to the interlocutor
new information
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focal information
new information
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focus/focal information
new information
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information that is not shared by interlocutors
syntax informtion structure
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given materiaö comes before the new material
active voice
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not restricted by the constraintson info pckaging
passive voice
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constrained by information structure considerationd
odpowiednik
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counterpart
zrozumienie
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consideration
it cleft, pseudo cleft
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fronting forfocus reasons
indefinite object drop
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drink
Dative construction
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double object construction
double object construction, datuv alternation
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bring
benefactive alternation
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buy
middle alternation
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cut
causative/inochative
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melt
locative alternation
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locative
locative alternation
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splsh (on->with)
niezgodny, nie dajacy sie pogpdzic
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incompatible
elapse
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upływać (time)
i think...... is...
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think=hold an opinion, state
I am thinking about... now
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thinks= mental activity
he was hitting the table
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express reperition of punctual events
the soldier was dying
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preparatory situation leading up to a punctual point
they were reaching the summit when...
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the preparatory situation leading up to a punctual event
generoc statements
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beavers build dams
timeless statements
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two plus two is four
gnomoc(proverbial sentence)
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haste makes waste
plot summary
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Hamlet dies...
future statement
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we leave tomorrow
instantenlus commentary
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he shoots. he scores
reporting info
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the wheater forecast says that...
punctual verbs
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tap, kick, flash
copula v
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remain
ditransitive
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ask
prepositional verb
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look after
shifts in meaning -passive
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every schoolboy knows... one joke at least...
passive shifts in meaning
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John cannot do it vs it cant be done
get passive
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interest on the s and what happened to it
inflection gor grade 1 forma old
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absolute
the information associated with the word in the mental lexicin
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lexical entry
direct object
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np/clause
license purpose clauses
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only agent
complementizers - finite
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that, wherher
complementizers non finite
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for

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