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Question		Answer
konsumpcja start learning		consumption or consuming
oszczędność start learning		saving
inwestycja lub inwestowanie start learning		investment or investing
the total market value of all the goods and services produced in a country during a given period start learning		gross domestic product (GDP)
GDP plus income from foreign investments start learning		gross national product (GNP)
to hire a new worker start learning		take on
zwolnić start learning		lay off
production start learning		output
a period during which economy is expanding start learning		upturn/upswing (lasts several years - ECONOMIC BOOM)
reach a its highest point start learning		reach a peak
downturn/downswing/period of contraction start learning		downturn that lasts >6 months is called recession; big downswing or one that lasts long = depression or a slump)
the lowest point of the business cycle (economic activity is at its lowest) start learning		trough
kredyt hipoteczny start learning		mortgage
na ogół być start learning		to tend to be
popyt/żądanie start learning		demand
skurczyć gospodarkę start learning		make the economy contract
pobudzić gospodarkę start learning		boost or stimulate economy
wydatek start learning		expenditure
zwiększyć podaż pieniądza start learning		to increase money supply
przewyższać start learning		to exceed
dotrzeć do dołka/dna start learning		reach a trough/bottom out
reduced spending; increased taxation; higher interest rates (after alection; political business cycle) start learning		policy of austerity
zatrudniać, rekrutować, mianować, zatrudniać, angażować start learning		hire, recruit, appoint, employ, engage
zwolnić, zwolnić, zwolnić, zwolnić, zwolnić, powiadomić start learning		fire, let go, make redundant, dismiss, sack, give notice to
relating to government revenues (przychody) and expenditures start learning		fiscal policy
economy expanding too quickly (demand>supply) start learning		to overheat
pracować na pełnych obrotach zdolności produkcyjnej start learning		to work a full capacity
that cannot be continued or maintained in the long term start learning		unsustainable investments
bezpośrednie lub pośrednie stawki podatkowe start learning		direct or indirect tax rates
changing interest rates and the level of money supply start learning		monetary policy
to counteract the business cycle by way of governmental intervention in the econ start learning		Keynesianism
przeciwnie/ na odwrót start learning		on the contrary
portion of the economy composed of all level of governments and governments controlled enterprises start learning		public sector
osłabić, zmniejszyć start learning		to diminish
sektor prywatny start learning		private sector
moving in the opposite direction to the current state start learning		countercyclical fiscal policies
zaledwie start learning		merely
sharp increase in high-risk mortgagaes that went into default (nieuiszczenie należności) start learning		subprime crisis (meltdown)
make/get bigger start learning		boost, expand, grow, increase, inflate, raise, rise
make/get smaller start learning		cut, decrease, fall, lower, reduce
stymulować / pobudzać start learning		to stimulate
uspokoić się start learning		to cool down
kryzys, zastój start learning		slump
program oszczędnościowy start learning		austerity program
shocks like wars start learning		black swans
everyone (even not creditable ones) has credit start learning		overexpansion of credit
few people have access to credit start learning		credit crunch
papiery wartościowe start learning		securities/utilities
akcje start learning		bonds
prices are expected to fall start learning		a bull (bullish)
prices are expected to rise start learning		a bear (bearish)
investors who buy when the share price is lower than company is really worth start learning		value investors
cykliczny start learning		cyclical
stały, ciągły start learning		steady
nagle start learning		abruptly
przerwane przez start learning		punctuated by
peaks and troughs start learning		up and downs
wariacje, odmiany start learning		variations
samonapędzające się procesy niezrównażowego wzrostu/ spadku cens start learning		speculative bubbles
zamieszania polityczne start learning		political upheavals
nieuniknione start learning		inevitable
głównie, w zasadzie start learning		principally
mądrzy inwestorzy start learning		wise investors

the business cycle

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