|
Question |
Answer |
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), start learning
|
|
Produkt krajowy brutto (PKB)
|
|
|
it’s more revealing to consider it’s more revealing to consider the size of the economy now compared to its potential for sustained growth. start learning
|
|
bardziej odkrywcze jest rozważenie
|
|
|
This depends on a host of factors, such as the legal and political framework, economic stability, the ease of doing business, the financial and information flow, convenience as a business centre and liveability. host of sparrows start learning
|
|
zależne od wielu czynników,(gość)
|
|
|
These days, children prefer computer games to playing with their peers. However, the average New Yorker can buy more than their peers in London, Paris, Tokyo and Hong Kong. start learning
|
|
W dzisiejszych czasach dzieci wolą gry komputerowe od zabawy z rówieśnikami.
|
|
|
are just squeezed out from Both super-cities are just squeezed out from the number one spot by faster-growing London, start learning
|
|
|
|
|
which is expected to leapfrog Paris and become Europe’s richest city by 2020, owing to the vast volume of its financial markets. formal writing. As a noun: It refers to a traditional children's game where players vault over each other's backs. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
benefiting from a unique composite of ports, airports, hotels and real estate. start learning
|
|
unikalny kompozyt, połączenie
|
|
|
Coming up behind is Seoul, which, similar to Hong-Kong, packs a double punch. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
Conversely, sluggish growth in Paris has it slowly losing ground, dropping behind the South Korean capital start learning
|
|
|
|
|
the economy of Shanghai has doubled in the last ten years, and it is projected to keep humming for the next five, though it is hardly the only Asian city with prospects. start learning
|
|
gospodarka Szanghaju podwoiła się w ciągu ostatnich dziesięciu lat,
|
|
|
it is projected to keep humming for the next five, though it is hardly the only Asian city with prospects. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
Jakarta in Indonesia and Beijing come to the fore start learning
|
|
przodować, wyjść na prowadzenie
|
|
|
Toronto only narrowly-edged out Madrid Hanging on at number ten, Toronto only narrowly-edged out Madrid and Philadelphia. start learning
|
|
Toronto wyprzedziło Madryt jedynie minimalną przewagą
|
|
|
The economy is in a downturn. The economy is in a downturn. Growth has slowed. start learning
|
|
Gospodarka jest w recesji.(tendencji spadkowej)
|
|
|
keeping interest rates at an artificially low rate. Many people blame the ECB for keeping interest rates at an artificially low rate. start learning
|
|
utrzymywanie stóp procentowych na sztucznie niskim poziomie.
|
|
|
The bailout package the government is preparing should ensure worst affected banks keep afloat. start learning
|
|
banki utrzymują się na powierzchni
|
|
|
All the indicators point to a steep decline in exports start learning
|
|
wskazują na gwałtowny spadek
|
|
|
value of the euro has dropped. The value of the euro has dropped. Economists are hopeful it will rise next financial quarter. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
The worst case scenario is that the recession will drag on indefinitely. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
A rapid increase in house prices produced a bubble A rapid increase in house prices produced a bubble followed by a crash in the value of real estate. start learning
|
|
Gwałtowny wzrost cen nieruchomości spowodował bańkę
|
|
|
The stock market is booming The stock market is booming as share prices continue to go through the roof. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
The risk of runaway inflation The risk of runaway inflation is increasing as prices rise and wages stagnate. start learning
|
|
Ryzyko niekontrolowanej inflacji
|
|
|
increase the availability of home loans The push to increase the availability of home loans led to unintended negative consequences. start learning
|
|
zwiększyć dostępność kredytów hipotecznych
|
|
|
There aren’t enough experienced, qualified nurses in the public health sector. start learning
|
|
niedobór umiejętności, brak wykwalifikowanej kadry pracowniczej
|
|
|
Real estate sales have surged Real estate sales have surged 38% since last year. the housing market start learning
|
|
Sprzedaż nieruchomości gwałtownie wzrosła
|
|
|
Not as many people join trade unions as they used to start learning
|
|
|
|
|
The total value of all goods and services in the United Kingdom was worth 2522.26 billion US dollars in 2013. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
Tourism is a significant wealth-producer in many countries. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
In the late 1990s the US government removed controls over commercial banking. start learning
|
|
deregulacja-usunięcie nadzoru państwa
|
|
|
liveable cities-quality of life Vienna generally appears in any list of the top ten liveable cities. start learning
|
|
znośność miasta, jakość życia,
|
|
|
The government has sold off the national railways to a number of different companies. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
High rates of taxation -standard of living High rates of taxation have drastically reduced disposable income for many people since the banking crisis. start learning
|
|
Wysokie stawki podatkowe - standard życia
|
|
|
Sony have opened a new plant in Vietnam which should boost the local economy. start learning
|
|
inwestycja wewnętrzna-zastrzyk finansowy z poza kraju
|
|
|
The most significant driver is the search for specialized talent. Companies often move to cities with a high concentration of workers in their specific industry start learning
|
|
Najważniejszym czynnikiem jest poszukiwanie wyspecjalizowanych talentów.
|
|
|
helping the company recruit Modern HQs are often moved to "lifestyle cities" that offer lower costs of living for employees, helping the company recruit without having to pay the astronomical salaries required in hubs like San Francisco or New York. start learning
|
|
pomaganie firmie w rekrutacji
|
|
|
Tax Incentives and Regulatory Climate -bidding wars Direct Subsidies: Cash grants or tax abatements that can save a company billions over a decade. Favorable Regulation: Companies often flee states with complex labor laws or high corporate income taxes in favor of "business-friendly" jurisdictions. start learning
|
|
Zachęty podatkowe i klimat regulacyjny – wojny licytacyjne
|
|
|
Cost Optimization (The "Flight to Efficiency") Real estate is typically a company's second-largest overhead expense. Rent and Utilities: Moving from a "Tier 1" city to a "Tier 2" city can slash occupancy costs by 30-5% %. As hybrid work stabilizes, firms are trading massive, half-empty campuses for smaller, high-tech hubs in central business districts. start learning
|
|
Optymalizacja kosztów („ucieczka do efektywności”) Nieruchomości stanowią zazwyczaj drugi co do wielkości wydatek stały w przedsiębiorstwie.
|
|
|
Strategic Ecosystems Proximity to partners, suppliers, and even competitors (agglomeration) fosters innovation. Example: A logistics firm moving closer to a major port or a tech firm moving into an "Innovation District" to be near research universities. start learning
|
|
Strategiczne ekosystemy Bliskość partnerów, dostawców, a nawet konkurentów (aglomeracja) sprzyja innowacjom.
|
|
|
Overhead costs are fixed operating expenses that aren’t linked to a product or a service. These are typically regularly occurring expenses that the company needs to operate like internet costs, insurance, rent, employee salaries, utilities office supplies start learning
|
|
|
|
|
Positive Impacts (The Destination City) Job Multiplication: For every 1 high-paying "white-collar" job created at the HQ, research suggests an additional 4 to 5 jobs are created in the local service economy (restaurants, retail, construction, and healthcare). start learning
|
|
Pozytywne skutki (miasto docelowe)
|
|
|
Positive Impacts (The Destination City) Tax Base Expansion: Increased property taxes and local sales taxes provide funding for schools, infrastructure, and public services. start learning
|
|
Pozytywne skutki (miasto docelowe)
|
|
|
Positive Impacts (The Destination City) Ancillary Investment: The arrival of a "tentpole" company often signals to other businesses that the city is a safe place to invest, leading to a surge in local startups and satellite offices. start learning
|
|
Pozytywne skutki (miasto docelowe)
|
|
|
Negative Impacts (The Destination Cit The "Amazon Effect": Rapid influxes of high-earning employees can cause local real estate prices to skyrocket. This often leads to gentrification, where long-term residents are priced out of their own neighborhoods. start learning
|
|
Negatywne skutki (Miasto docelowe)
|
|
|
Negative Impacts (The Destination Cit Infrastructure Strain: Sudden population growth can overwhelm public transit, increase traffic congestion, and put pressure on local utility grids. start learning
|
|
Negatywne skutki (Miasto docelowe)
|
|
|
When a major employer leaves, The city loses a primary source of tax revenue, which can lead to budget cuts for public services. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
When a major employer leaves, Top talent often moves with the company, stripping the local community of its most skilled workers and reducing the incentive for new businesses to move in. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
Economists and business leaders track several key indicators to determine if an economy is "humming" or facing potential headwinds: (GDP): Measures the overall growth or contraction of the economy. Unemployment Rate: A key indicator of labor market health. (CPI): Tracks inflation; Interest Rates: The cost of borrowing, influenced by central bank policy. Stock Market Performance: start learning
|
|
Ekonomiści i liderzy biznesu śledzą kilka kluczowych wskaźników, aby określić, czy gospodarka „rozkręca się”, czy też stoi w obliczu potencjalnych przeciwności:
|
|
|
sustainable economic growth why it matters-long term viability Long-Term Viability: Ensures growth can continue without crashing due to resource depletion or excessive debt. start learning
|
|
Długoterminowa rentowność
|
|
|
positive effect of sustainable growth Improved Living Standards: For nations, it means more jobs, better wages, and reduced poverty. Resilience: Companies and economies that grow sustainably are better equipped to handle market changes. start learning
|
|
pozytywny wpływ zrównoważonego wzrostu
|
|
|
If the product is good and meets consumer needs than advertising is unnecessary. start learning
|
|
Jeśli produkt jest dobry i spełnia potrzeby konsumenta, to reklama jest zbędna.
|
|
|
Large businesses have big budgets for marketing and promotion and as a result, people gravitate towards buying their products. start learning
|
|
Duże firmy dysponują dużymi budżetami na marketing i promocję, w rezultacie czego ludzie chętniej kupują ich produkty.
|
|
|
Some countries encourage foreign companies to open in their country. Many people think that the government should focus on encouraging local business rather than foreign businesses. start learning
|
|
Niektóre kraje zachęcają zagraniczne firmy do zakładania firm na ich terenie.
|
|
|
business with a scope of limited investment But, then just before a year, after playing with a lot of small business ideas with the scope of limited investment, I decided that I would start a fruit juice selling business start learning
|
|
biznes o ograniczonym zakresie inwestycji
|
|
|
Starting an online clothing store involves not only sourcing products, creating a website, and managing logistics but also establishing a strong brand presence in a highly competitive market. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
fashion industry is evolving rapidly, I believe that the fashion industry is evolving rapidly, with a growing demand for online shopping, especially after the recent global events. start learning
|
|
przemysł modowy rozwija się szybko,
|
|
|
Entrepreneurial: – Characterised by risk-taking and initiative in order to make a profit. Example: I have an entrepreneurial spirit and have always wanted to run my own venture. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
Lucrative: – Producing a great deal of profit. Example: I believe this niche market could be quite lucrative in the long run. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
Feasibility: – The state of being easily or conveniently done. Example: I'm still in the initial stages of assessing the business's feasibility. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
Address a gap in the market start learning
|
|
|
|
|
Realize a long-term ambition: – Achieve a goal that one has had for a significant amount of time. Example: Starting this business would allow me to realize a long-term ambition. start learning
|
|
Zrealizuj długoterminową ambicję: –
|
|
|
– To create jobs for people. Example: I also hope that my business can eventually generate employment opportunities in the community. start learning
|
|
Generowanie zatrudnienia:
|
|
|
Money invested in a business with the expectation of future financial gain. Example: Securing the initial capital investment is one of the main hurdles I'm facing. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
Navigate regulatory hurdles: – Deal with and overcome official rules and procedures that can be obstacles. Example: Understanding and navigating the regulatory hurdles is a key step before launching start learning
|
|
Pokonaj przeszkody regulacyjne:
|
|
|
A passion-driven project: – An undertaking fueled by strong enthusiasm and interest. Example: This business is more than just a way to earn a living; it's a passion-driven project. start learning
|
|
Projekt napędzany pasją: –
|
|
|
Scalable business model: – A framework for how a business creates, delivers, and captures value that can be expanded without significant increases in cost. Example: I'm developing a scalable business model that can adapt to growth. start learning
|
|
Skalowalny model biznesowy: –
|
|
|
Make a meaningful contribution: – To have a significant and positive impact. Example: I believe this business can make a meaningful contribution to the local economy. start learning
|
|
|
|
|
Achieve financial independence: – To have enough money to live without having to work. Example: Ultimately, I hope this venture will help me achieve financial independence. start learning
|
|
Osiągnij niezależność finansową: –
|
|
|
To effectively use my skills and knowledge. Example: This business would allow me to harness my expertise in a creative and impactful way. start learning
|
|
Skorzystać z mojej wiedzy. i doswiadczenia
|
|
|
– An activity that provides a sense of satisfaction and purpose. Example: I envision it being a challenging yet ultimately fulfilling endeavour. start learning
|
|
Spełniające przedsięwzięcie:
|
|
|
Legal and Political Framework: Is the government stable? Are contracts enforceable in court? Is there a risk of sudden regulatory changes? start learning
|
|
Ramy prawne i polityczne:
|
|
|
Is inflation low? Is the currency stable? start learning
|
|
|
|
|
How hard is it to get a permit, pay taxes, or register property In essence, a high ranking meant a country had fewer bureaucratic hurdles, stronger property rights, and more efficient legal frameworks, fostering entrepreneurship. start learning
|
|
Łatwość prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej:
|
|
|
based on how favorable their regulatory environment was ranked countries based on how favorable their regulatory environment was for starting and operating a local business start learning
|
|
na podstawie tego, jak korzystne było ich otoczenie regulacyjne
|
|
|
Financial and Information Flow: Can you move money in and out of the country easily? Is the internet fast and uncensored? start learning
|
|
Przepływ finansowy i informacyjny:
|
|
|
Will employees actually want to live there? This includes housing costs, safety, schools, and culture start learning
|
|
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
|
|
|