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Question		Answer
borrowing start learning		using a word from the SL instead of looking for an equivalent
calque start learning		borrowing an expression from the SL and translating it literally
iteral translation start learning		a direct transfer of the SL text into the target language
transposition start learning		replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the expression, can be obligatory or optional
modulation start learning		creating a variation of the form of the message by changing the point of view, can be obligatory or optional
equivalence start learning		using different stylistic and structural methods to produce equivalent texts, mostly used for translating idioms, onomatopoeia, expressions which cannot be translated literally
adaptation start learning		used when a situation that occurs in the ST is unknown and hard to understand for the TL reader, the translator replaces it with a target culture situation which the reader is familiar with
Descriptive branch start learning		describes translation
Theoretical branch start learning		explains the theories that inform the process of translation
Applied branch start learning		uses the information gained from the former two branches for practical application
Interlingual start learning		between two different languages
Intralingual start learning		paraphrasing in the same language
Intersemiotic start learning		paraphrasing between sign systems
Domestication start learning		is focused on target (culture, text, language) rather than on original. A text which evinces the illusion of being written in native language is...
Foreignization start learning		is a strategy that aims to preserve expressions and terms typical for the source culture. The advantage of this strategy is that translation remains faithful to original text.
Dolmetscher start learning		who translates commercial texts
Übersetzer start learning		who works on scholarly and artistic texts.
The informative text type start learning		content-oriented – the best translation strategy is translation according to the sense and meaning of the original
The expressive text type start learning		form-oriented – the best translation strategy is translating by identification to produce an analogous aesthetic effect on the receiver
The operative text type start learning		appealing – the best translation strategy is adaptive translating the psychological mechanisms of the use of persuasive language should be adapted to the needs of the new language community.
Unstransibility start learning		It is a situation in which no equivalent text or utterance can be found in another language when we are translating the text.
Cultural start learning		When the target language and its culture lack relevant situational feature for the source language text,
Linguistic start learning		When the target language has no corresponding words, tenses, phonetic or grammatical entities that occur in the source language, which does not have a Polish equivalent.
Full translation start learning		refers to the translation of the entire work of the author,
Partial translation start learning		only certain pieces of the text are translated.
Total translation start learning		all grammatical and lexical aspects of the language are reproduced in the target language
Restricted translation start learning		replacement of each of the words from the source text with the equivalents found in the target language.
Rank-bound translation start learning		bounded by the limitation of the rank.
Unbounded translation start learning		it is not bounded by any limitations of the rank.
Formal equivalence start learning		aims at finding the closest equivalent of a source language message, although it is not always possible.
Dynamic equivalence start learning		The purpose of dynamic equivalence is to transport the original message in such a way that the translated message will have the same influence on the reader of the target text as on the readers of the source text.
Communicative translation start learning		detach yourself from trying to “mimic” the author i.e. when translating a literary text, and instead use the language that you, the translator
Semantic translation start learning		“get into the author’s shoes”. Semantic translation focuses on the meaning through the perspective of the author, which may lead to over-translations

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