PYTANIA Z PRZEDMIOTÓW KIERUNKOWYCH 2025

 0    50 flashcards    patrycjabaracco
download mp3 print play test yourself
 
Question American English Answer American English
What is language? Present different views and four properties.
start learning
Language is a system of communication using symbols or sounds. It’s seen as a rule system (structuralism) or a communicative tool (functionalism). Properties: arbitrariness, productivity, displacement, and cultural transmission.
Compare English to Polish.
start learning
Both are Indo-European, SVO languages. English has simpler grammar, fixed word order, and articles; Polish uses rich inflection and flexible word order.
Define phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics.
start learning
Phonetics studies speech sounds; Phonology studies sound systems; Morphology studies word formation; Syntax studies sentence structure; Semantics focuses on meaning; Pragmatics studies meaning in context.
Origins of language and how we know about past languages.
start learning
Language likely evolved to help humans cooperate and survive. Linguists study past forms through comparative analysis and written evidence.
Natural, ethnic, pidgin, dialect, idiolect, artificial languages.
start learning
Natural languages evolve naturally; ethnic ones belong to an ethnic group; pidgins are simplified contact languages; dialects are regional varieties; idiolects are individual speech styles; artificial languages are invented (e.g. Esperanto).
Features of formal/academic writing.
start learning
Formal writing uses objective tone, no slang or contractions, clear structure, logical argumentation, and proper referencing.
What is rhetoric? Give examples of rhetorical devices.
start learning
Rhetoric is the art of effective communication. Common devices: metaphor, repetition, antithesis, rhetorical question.
Literal vs figurative language. Examples.
start learning
Literal language means exactly what it says; figurative language uses imagery or comparison. Examples: metaphor, simile, personification.
What is the Renaissance and its impact?
17th c.) inspired by classical antiquity. It emphasized humanism, science, and the arts, breaking from medieval religious focus.
start learning
A cultural rebirth (14th
Literary genres and subgenres.
start learning
Main genres: prose, poetry, drama. Subgenres: novel, short story, epic, tragedy, comedy, sonnet.
L1 vs L2 development.
start learning
Both involve grammar and meaning. L1 is learned unconsciously from birth; L2 is often learned later, consciously, and influenced by L1.
Nativism (Chomsky).
start learning
Chomsky proposed that humans are born with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that allows natural learning of grammar.
Progress and errors in behaviorism, nativism, cognitivism, and interactionism.
start learning
Behaviorism sees errors as bad habits; Nativism sees them as natural rule testing; Cognitivism treats them as part of mental processing; Interactionism sees them as normal in communication.
Krashen’s theory.
start learning
His five hypotheses: acquisition-learning, monitor, natural order, input (“i+1”), and affective filter. Language develops through meaningful, low-stress input.
Teaching grammar (example subsystem).
start learning
Teach rules in context, move from explanation to practice to communication. Use examples and give feedback on accuracy and fluency.
Training speaking (example skill).
start learning
Focus on both fluency and accuracy using role-plays, discussions, and problem-solving tasks, while encouraging confidence.
Learner autonomy.
start learning
The ability to take responsibility for one’s learning. Teachers promote it through self-assessment and choice; learners plan, reflect, and set goals.
Three mainstream methods.
start learning
Grammar-Translation (focus on rules), Direct Method (target language only), and Communicative Approach (focus on meaning and fluency).
Fringe methods.
start learning
Suggestopedia (relaxation and music), Total Physical Response (movement), Silent Way (discovery learning). Useful mainly for beginners.
Kompetencja językowa vs komunikacyjna.
start learning
Kompetencja językowa to znajomość zasad języka; kompetencja komunikacyjna to umiejętność użycia języka w odpowiednim kontekście, także kulturowo.
Language centers in the brain.
start learning
Broca’s area (speech production) and Wernicke’s area (comprehension), both in the left hemisphere.
Communication model (psychological aspect).
Weaver model: sender → message → receiver with feedback. Influenced by motivation, emotion, and perception.
start learning
Shannon
Specific vs non-specific speech/language disorders.
start learning
Specific (e.g. DLD) affect language only; non-specific occur with other issues like autism or intellectual disability.
Phoneme vs allophone.
start learning
A phoneme changes meaning (/p/ vs /b/); an allophone is a variant of the same sound ([pʰ] in pin). Two sounds are contrastive if they change meaning.
Articulatory tract and speech organs.
start learning
Air from lungs passes through vocal cords and articulators (tongue, lips, teeth, palate) shaping sounds.
English vowel system.
start learning
About 12 vowels, 8 diphthongs (/eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, etc.), and triphthongs (/aɪə/, /eɪə/). Classified by tongue position and lip rounding.
English consonant system.
start learning
Consonants differ by place (bilabial, alveolar), manner (plosive, fricative, nasal), and voicing (/p b/, /f v/, /m n/).
Stress and intonation.
start learning
Stress is syllable emphasis; intonation is pitch movement. Falling tone = statements, rising tone = questions, fall-rise = uncertainty.
Phonological processes in connected speech.
start learning
Assimilation (“good boy” → [gʊb bɔɪ]), elision (“next day” → [neks deɪ]), linking /r/, vowel reduction to schwa.
Modal verbs
Express ability, permission, obligation, or probability: can, may, must, should, might.
start learning
functions and examples.
Main derivational processes.
start learning
Prefixation (unhappy), suffixation (teacher), conversion (to email), compounding (blackboard), back-formation (edit).
Sentence types in English.
start learning
Declarative (statement), interrogative (question), imperative (command), exclamative (emotion).
Phrase structure and types of phrases.
start learning
Words combine into phrases: noun (the house), verb (has gone), adjective (very tall), adverb (quite quickly), prepositional (in the park).
Word classes in English.
start learning
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, interjections.
Lexical relations.
flower), meronymy (wheel
large), antonymy (hot
start learning
Synonymy (big
car).
cold), homonymy (bank), polysemy (head), hyponymy (rose
Morpheme types.
start learning
The smallest meaning unit. Free (book), bound (-s), inflectional (walked), derivational (teacher).
State verbs (no continuous).
start learning
Know, believe, love, hate, seem, understand, belong. Used in simple, not continuous, forms.
Lexical contrast problems (English
False friends, literal translations, wrong prepositions, and phrasal verbs cause errors.
start learning
Polish).
Word order contrast (English
English is fixed SVO; Polish is flexible. Learners may invert order or omit auxiliaries.
start learning
Polish).
Gender contrast (English
Polish uses grammatical gender; English uses natural gender. Leads to errors with he, she, it.
start learning
Polish).
The novel and Dickens.
criticizing social injustice.
start learning
A long prose narrative exploring human experience. Dickens wrote Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Great Expectations
Transcendentalism.
start learning
A 19th-century American movement valuing intuition, nature, and self-reliance. Key figures: Emerson and Thoreau.
The Troubles.
1998) between Catholic nationalists and Protestant unionists; ended with the Good Friday Agreement.
start learning
Conflict in Northern Ireland (1960s
US territory and states.
start learning
USA ≈ 9.8 million km², about 335 million people. California (film, tech), Texas (oil), New York (finance, culture).
New England and its status.
start learning
Northeastern US region (Massachusetts, etc.), site of first English colonies; important in early American history and education.
Martin Luther King Jr.
start learning
Civil rights leader using non-violent protest and media. Assassinated in Memphis, 1968.
Three decisive British battles.
start learning
Hastings (1066), Agincourt (1415), Battle of Britain (1940).
King Alfred.
899), defended England from Vikings, promoted education and unity.
start learning
King of Wessex (849
“Red Indians” origins.
start learning
Native Americans descended from Asian migrants crossing the Bering land bridge about 15,000 years ago.
Pilgrim Fathers.
start learning
English Puritans who sailed on the Mayflower (1620) to Plymouth for religious freedom.

You must sign in to write a comment