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What is the phonetic representation of the < a > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ā > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < e > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ē > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < i > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < Ī > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < o > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ō > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < u > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ū > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < y > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ȳ > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ea > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ēa > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < eo > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ēo > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ie > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < īe > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < f > grapheme when between vowels? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < f > grapheme elsewhere? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < þ > grapheme when between vowels? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ð > grapheme when between vowels? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < þ > grapheme elsewhere? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ð > grapheme elsewhere? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < s > grapheme when between vowels? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < s > grapheme elsewhere? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < c > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ċ > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < g > grapheme at the start of a word? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < g > grapheme after an 'n'? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < g > grapheme elsewhere? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ġ > grapheme after 'n'? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ġ > grapheme elsewhere? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < h > grapheme at the start of words? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < h > grapheme elsewhere? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < r > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < an > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < on > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < sċ > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < ċġ > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < Ƿ > grapheme? start learning
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What is the phonetic representation of the < hÞ > grapheme? start learning
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When was Old English spoken? start learning
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Who brought the English language to Great Britain? start learning
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Germanic people from the areas of northern Germany and southern Denmark
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When did Germanic tribes come to Great Britain? start learning
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What were the names of the three tribes that legends say brought English to Great Britain? start learning
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Jutes, Angles, and Saxons (collectively referred to as Anglo-Saxons)
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Who were the legendary leaders of the tribes that brought English to Great Britain? start learning
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How many cases did Old English have? start learning
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What are the 5 cases in Old English? start learning
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Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Partitive, Dative, Instrumental
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What is the Nominative case used for in Old English? start learning
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Direct address, subject predicative/complement
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What is the Accusative case used for in Old English? start learning
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Direct object, object of some prepositions
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What is the Genitive case used for in Old English? start learning
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What is the Partitive case used for in Old English? start learning
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What is the Dative case used for in Old English? start learning
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ndirect object, substituting a preposition, object of preposition
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What is the Instrumental case used for in Old English? start learning
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Instrument (by means of, with)
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How many grammatical genders did Old English have? start learning
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What are the 3 grammatical genders in Old English? start learning
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Feminine, masculine, neuter
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What percentage of Old English nouns are strong nouns? start learning
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What is the pattern for masculine strong nouns in Old English (e.g., bāt)? start learning
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N.sg.: bāt A.: bāt G.: bātes D.: bāte N/A pl.: bātas G.: bāta D.: bātum
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What are the endings for neuter strong nouns with short stems (e.g., scip)? start learning
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N.sg.: scip A.: scip G.: scipes D.: scipe N/A pl.: scipu G.: scipa D.: scipum
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What are the endings for neuter strong nouns with long stems (e.g., þing)? start learning
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N.sg.: þing A.: þing G.: þinges D.: þinge N/A pl.: þing G.: þinga D.: þingum
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What defines a short stem in neuter strong nouns? start learning
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Short vowel + 1 consonant (e.g., scip, bæb)
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What defines a long stem in neuter strong nouns? start learning
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Long vowel + 1 consonant (e.g., bān) or short vowel + more than 1 consonant (e.g., word, bedd, land)
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What are the endings for feminine strong nouns with short stems (e.g., scinu)? start learning
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N.sg.: scinu A.: scine G.: scine D.: scine N/A pl.: scina, -e G.: scina D.: scinum
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What are the endings for feminine strong nouns with long stems (e.g., glōf)? start learning
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N.sg.: glōf A.: glōfe G.: glōfe D.: glōfe N/A pl.: glōfa, -e G.: glōfa D.: glōfum
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What percentage of Old English nouns are weak nouns? start learning
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What characterizes weak nouns in Old English? start learning
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Little inflectional variety
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What are the endings for masculine weak nouns (e.g., nama)? start learning
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N.sg.: nama A.: naman G.: naman D.: naman N/A pl.: naman G.: namena, -a D.: namum
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What are the endings for neuter weak nouns (e.g., ēare)? start learning
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N.sg.: ēare A.: ēare G.: ēaran D.: ēaran N/A pl.: ēaran G.: ēarena, -a D.: ēarum
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What are the endings for feminine weak nouns (e.g., sunne)? start learning
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N.sg.: sunne A.: sunnan G.: sunnan D.: sunnan N/A pl.: sunnan G.: sunnena, -a D.: sunnum
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What defines masculine weak nouns in Old English? start learning
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Nom.sg. ending in -a (e.g., cnapa, guma, oxa)
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What defines neuter weak nouns in Old English? start learning
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ēage, ēare, wange (only these 3)
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What defines feminine weak nouns in Old English? start learning
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Nom.sg. ending in -e (e.g., sunne, tunge)
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How do adjectives in Old English differ from nouns? start learning
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Adjectives agree with their nouns in number, gender, and case
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When are adjectives in Old English declined weak? start learning
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When modified by a demonstrative pronoun, possessive pronoun, or an adjective, possessive noun phrase, and in vocative expressions
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When are adjectives in Old English declined strong? start learning
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What are the basic features of verbs in Old English? start learning
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Inflected in first, second, and third person, singular and plural; two tenses (present and past); three moods (imperative, subjunctive, indicative)
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What moods did Old English have? start learning
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Imperative, subjunctive, indicative
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What was the subjunctive mood used for in Old English? start learning
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To express wish, doubt, possibility, or opinion
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What was the indicative mood used for in Old English? start learning
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What are the four verbals in Old English? start learning
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Infinitive, inflected infinitive, present participle, past participle
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What is the main distinction between strong and weak verbs in Old English? start learning
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The manner in which they form the past tense
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How do weak verbs form the past tense in Old English? start learning
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How do weak verbs form the past participle in Old English? start learning
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How do strong verbs form the past tense in Old English? start learning
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Change a vowel in the stem
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How do strong verbs form the past participle in Old English? start learning
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What is an example of a 'weird' weak verb in Old English? start learning
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sēċan (to seek): sēċe, sōhte, (ge)sōht
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Why is sēċan considered a weak verb despite having an ablaut in the stem? start learning
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A fricative is added as a suffix in the past form
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What are other examples of 'weird' weak verbs in Old English? start learning
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brengan: brenge, brōhte, (ge)brōht; pencan: ƿence, ƿōhte, (ge)ƿōht
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