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Question		Answer
Founder of modern structuralist linguistics start learning		Ferdinand de Saussure
Two components of a linguistic sign start learning		Signifier (form/sound) and Signified (concept/meaning)
Meaning of “langue” start learning		The abstract system of a language (rules and structure shared by a speech community)
What generates meaning? start learning		Differences and relationships between linguistic elements (not individual words alone)
Best description of functional linguistics start learning		Language is shaped by its communicative functions and use in context
“Can you pass the salt?” functions as start learning		A request
Participant who performs the action (Role and Reference Grammar) start learning		Actor
Undergoer in “The dog chased the cat” start learning		The cat
Why use passive voice? start learning		To omit the agent, focus on the result, or when the agent is unknown/irrelevant
Purpose of Formal Language Theory start learning		To describe language using formal rules, grammars, and mathematical models
Dependency in “neither... nor” start learning		Correlative (paired) dependency
Why regular languages are insufficient start learning		They cannot handle hierarchical and recursive structures
Definition of Universal grammar start learning		An innate set of linguistic principles shared by all humans
Words heard by age 5 start learning		around 30 milion
Scholars arguing languages differ fundamentally start learning		Functionalists / usage-based theorists (e.g., Michael Tomasello)
Alternative to Universal Grammar start learning		Usage-based / emergentist approaches to language acquisition

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