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refernece to one thing as another, implying a comparison (life is a rollercoaster)
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explocit comparison of one thing to another (my love is like a red rose)
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a whole is represented by naming one of its parts (look at my new wheels - car)
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reference to something or someone by naming one of its attributes (we’re waiting for the crown - queen)
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repetition of a word in two different senses (while we live, let us live)
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using words that sound alike but that differ in meaning (nadal / rafael nadal)
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using a word differently in relation to two or more words that it modofies or governs (you held your breath and the door for me)
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use of words whose sound correspond with their semantic values (buzzing ‘zzzz’)
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substitution of one part of speech for another (noun used as a verb)
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substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name (dad = not-the-mama)
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reference to smth with a name disproportionately greater than its nature / kind of hyperbole (look at this wound - scratch)
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understatement used deliberately (it’s just a scratch - big wound)
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reference to smth with a name disproportionately lesser than its nature / a kind of litotes) (its just a flesh wound - amputated leg)
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an apparent contradictory statement that contains a measure of truth (whosoever loses his life, shall find it)
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similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, clauses (pastry is fluffy, sweet, delicious; cod are cheap, trout are expensive, but salmon is the best)
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a series of similarly structured elements having the same length (veni, vidi, vici)
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three parallel elements of the same length occurring together in a series (veni, vidi, vici)
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juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas (it can’t be wrong if it feels so right)
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arrangement of words, phrases, clauses in an order of increasing importance
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inversion of natural word order (troubles, everybody’s got)
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insertion of a verbal unit that interrupts normal syntactical flow (wtrącenia)
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addition of a coordinate, explanatory, descriptive elements (Einstein, perhaps the greatest of scientists, seemed not to master the physics of hair combing)
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omission of a word or words readily implied by context
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omission of conjuctions between a series of clauses, often resulting in a hurried rhytm (veni, vidi, vici)
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omission of conjuctions between a series of words resulting in broken, hurried delivery (rise! eat! leave!)
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polysyndeton (przeciwieństwo asyndeton) start learning
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a lot of conjuctions (and, and, and)
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repetition of the same letter or sound within nearby words (Why not Waste a Wild Weekend)
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repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants/spółgłoski (bOmb the lAWn with hOtpOts)
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repetition of words derived form the same root (feeding food)
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repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of succesive clauses
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repetition of the same words or group of words at the end
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epanalepsis (≠ anadiplosis) start learning
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repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occured at the beginning of the clause (Believe not your ears, but your eyes believe)
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anadiplosis (≠ epanalepsis) start learning
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repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause (be loved, but love as well)
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repetition of the same words in reverse grammatical order (wieśniak z wsi wyjedzie, ale wieś z wieśniaka nigdy)
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repetition of grammatical structures in inverted order (it is boring to eat, to sleep is fulfilling)
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