Lekcja 6

1. ​Sedate and Serious: Characterized by a settled, steady, and proper character; calm, composed, and sober in demeanor. 2. ​Unadventurous and Dull: Often implies a lack of excitement, flashiness, or originality; slightly old-fashioned or stuffy.

(Noun) refers to a strong feeling of disappointment, concern, or distress caused by something sudden, unexpected, or deeply unpleasant. (Verb) means to cause someone to feel unhappy, worried, or discouraged; to dishearten or unnerve.

​Given to Study: Dedicating a lot of time and effort to reading and learning; diligent in the pursuit of knowledge. ​Diligent/Careful: Showing careful, painstaking, or deliberate effort in one's actions.

"He resigned from his high-profile job as a special adviser to the Prime Minister on trade policy."

Wary (\text{/ˈweəri/}) is an adjective meaning cautious and careful because one is uncertain about something or someone and suspects it might be dangerous, tricky, or problematic. ​It implies a state of suspicious watchfulness rather than simple prudence.

Exert pressure is a phrasal verb that means to apply force, influence, or persuasion on a person, group, or situation in order to make them do something, change a decision, or behave in a particular way.

means to deliberately exploit or take unfair advantage of another person's vulnerabilities, fears, faults, or emotional insecurities in order to achieve a desired outcome, persuade them, or gain an advantage.

A competitive edge is a factor or attribute that allows a company, person, or organization to outperform its rivals in the marketplace, generating greater sales, superior margins, or maintaining customer loyalty more effectively than the competition.

Put in place is a common phrasal verb that means to establish, implement, create, or organize something, especially a plan, policy, or system.

Mutually exclusive is a term used to describe two or more events, conditions, or statements that cannot occur or be true at the same time. If one event happens, it makes it impossible for the others to happen.

Hone (\text{/hoʊn/}) is a verb with two primary, related meanings: to sharpen a blade, or to refine and perfect a skill.

Invaluable (\text{/ɪnˈvæljʊəbəl/}) is an adjective that means extremely useful, indispensable, or beyond estimation in value.

Prejudice is an unjustified, preconceived opinion about a person, group, or idea that is not based on reason, actual experience, or facts.

"at play"means something is currently active, influential, or having an effect in a given situation, often subtly or behind the scenes. ​It is used to identify the specific forces, factors, or dynamics that are causing a particular outcome or development.

1. To Consult or Discuss 🤝 ​ confer means to meet or talk with others in order to exchange opinions, compare views. ​2. To Bestow or Grant 🎁 confer means to give or grant an honor, degree, title, right, or advantage to someone.

Make inroads is an idiom that means to begin to have a significant, noticeable effect or success in a new or competitive area. ​It implies achieving initial penetration or gaining a foothold against resistance.

Insurgent (\text{/ɪnˈsɜːrdʒənt/}) is a noun and an adjective referring to someone or something that rises up in opposition to an established authority.

A rank-and-file employee is a term used to describe ordinary members of an organization, group, or workforce, excluding the management, executives, or leaders.

Zeitgeist (\text{/ˈtsaɪtɡaɪst/} or \text{/ˈzaɪtɡaɪst/}) is a noun that refers to the dominant intellectual, moral, and cultural climate of a particular era or period in history.

A bellwether issue is a specific problem, trend, or topic that is believed to indicate the direction or future outcome of a larger, more complex political or economic situation. ​It serves as an early sign or predictor of a broader trend or result.

Wonk (\text{/wɒŋk/}) is an informal noun that refers to a person, often an expert or intellectual, who studies a subject or issue thoroughly and often excessively, especially a technical or specialized one.

Draw upon is a phrasal verb that means to use something as a source of help, information, or inspiration because it is available or held in reserve.

Shrewd (\text{/ʃruːd/}) is an adjective used to describe someone or something that displays clever, practical judgment and sharp insight, often with the goal of gaining an advantage or making a sound decision.

completely and fully

fail to keep up with a schedule, pace, or standard.

Cutbacks (always used in the plural) refers to a reduction in amount, number, or size of something, especially when talking about expenditure, staff, or services

assign responsibility so you can focus on other tasks

get extra help or expertise for a project

let someone make their own decision and manage a task independently

1. Dubious is an adjective that describes something that is questionable, suspect, or not entirely trustworthy 2. Doubtful is an adjective that can refer to two main things: a) ​Feeling uncertainty b) ​Lack of certainty

Outlandish used to describe something that is strikingly out of the ordinary, bizarre, or extremely unusual. Ridiculous used for something that is extremely silly, unreasonable, or absurd, and therefore deserving to be laughed at or mocked.

1. Stumped meaning to be completely unable to answer solve a problem. It implies a sudden halt or block in one's thought process due to the difficulty or complexity issue. 2. Confused unable to think clearly or understand what is happening or being said.

Disconcerting is an adjective used to describe something that causes one to feel unsettled, uncomfortable, or perplexed. It usually refers to something unexpected or strange

1. Tantalizing is an adjective used to describe something that is tempting or attractive, but is typically just out of reach or unavailable 2. Appealing is an adjective describing something that is attractive, interesting, or pleasing.

Gleaming is an adjective describing something that shines brightly, often with a clean, polished, or smooth surface. It suggests a steady, soft, and usually desirable light, indicating newness, cleanliness, or high quality.

​Key Idea: To be suitable or appropriate for the specific context, person, or status.

Bigwig is an informal noun used to refer to an important person, usually a high-ranking official or someone with a great deal of authority and influence in a company, organization, or political party.

Backlash is a strong, usually negative public reaction by a large group of people to some social or political development, trend, or action.

Confronting or dealing with a problem, responsibility, or situation directly, frankly, and without evasion.

Sprawling is an adjective used to describe something that spreads out over a large area in an irregular or untidy way.

Key Idea: Increasing commitment or risk, often despite initial setbacks.

An incentive/stimulus: Something that serves as a stimulus or encouragement to action.

Pile into something is a phrasal verb meaning to enter a confined space (like a vehicle, room, or building) quickly, eagerly, and often in a disorganized crowd.

Opacity is the measure of the imperviousness of a material to light or electromagnetic radiation. An opaque object does not allow light to pass through it, in contrast to transparent (clear) or translucent (partially clear) objects.

Frugality is a noun referring to the quality of being economical in the use of resources (such as food, money, or time) and avoiding waste. Key Idea: Prudence in spending and avoiding waste.

​A conscious effort refers to an intentional, deliberate, and purposeful action that requires mental focus or willpower to perform.

Bossy is an adjective used to describe a person who tends to give orders to others in an aggressive, overly forceful, or unnecessary way.

Exacerbate is a verb meaning to make a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling worse or more severe. It implies that an existing negative condition is aggravated or intensified by an action or factor.

Counterfactual is an adjective and a noun referring to something that is contrary to fact or something that expresses a hypothetical outcome that did not occur in reality.

Nascent is an adjective describing something that is just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential. It emphasizes the very early stage of development. ​Key Idea: Just beginning to develop or appear.

Fallible is an adjective describing something or someone liable to make mistakes or be erroneous. It is often used to acknowledge the inherent human tendency toward error

Insubstantial is an adjective describing something that lacks solid form, physical substance, or real basis (materially or conceptually). ​Key Idea: Lacking substance, solidity, or real importance.

Erratic is an adjective describing something or someone that is not regular in pattern or movement; unpredictable and inconsistent. Key Idea: Lacking consistency, regularity, or stability.

Yearn for is a phrasal verb meaning to have an intense feeling of longing or desire for something or someone. ​Key Idea: To feel a deep, often wistful or melancholy desire.

​To yank means to pull something suddenly and hard (often quickly or abruptly). It implies a rough, forceful, and immediate action. ​Key Idea: A sudden, strong, and forceful pull.

​1. To Contribute to a Result

fine by jeśli coś musisz zaakceptować. fine for takie ok

​In all likelihood is an idiom that means it is highly probable or very likely that something will happen or is true. ​Key Idea: Strong probability; almost certainly.

work as a team

Vying is the present participle of the verb to vie, meaning to compete eagerly with someone in order to achieve something or be better than them. It implies a sense of strong competition. ​Key Idea: Competing intensely for the same goal.

Peril is a noun meaning serious and immediate danger or risk. It can also be used as a verb (to peril), meaning to expose to danger, but this usage is less common than the noun form.

To accumulate or save a large quantity of something (resources, supplies, or information) for future use.

Envy is the feeling of discontented or resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck. ​Synonyms: jealousy, covetousness, resentment, desirousness.

To acquaint somebody with somebody/something means to make someone familiar with another person, a subject, a place, or a piece of information.

To resort to something means to turn to or adopt a particular course of action, often a forceful, extreme, or undesirable one, because all other options have failed or are unavailable.

To haggle over something means to argue or negotiate persistently, especially over the price of an item or service.

Key Idea: Sharing secrets or private feelings with someone you trust.

To deprive someone of something means to prevent a person or a group from having or using something, especially something necessary for comfort, health, or happiness. ​Key Idea: To take away or withhold necessities or rights from someone.

​To refrain from something means to consciously stop oneself from doing something or to avoid a particular action or activity. ​Key Idea: Deliberate avoidance or holding back from an action.

Above and beyond is an idiom used to describe an action, effort, or level of service that exceeds the normal requirements, expectations, or duty. ​Key Idea: Exceeding standard expectations or duties; exceptional effort.

By and large is an idiom meaning for the most part, generally, or on the whole. It is used to indicate a general truth or tendency, while acknowledging that there may be some exceptions or minor deviations.

Back and forth describes movement, action, or communication that repeatedly goes from one place, state, or person to another and then returns.

Over and above something is an idiom meaning in addition to something else, often emphasizing that the addition is extra or more than required. It highlights that the item or action being discussed is beyond the primary obligation or expectation.

Obnoxious is an adjective used to describe someone or something that is extremely unpleasant, offensive, or highly irritating. ​Key Idea: Extremely unpleasant and offensive; highly annoying.

Key Idea: A sudden, large, and unexpected gain or benefit.

​Aggrieved is an adjective describing someone who has been treated unfairly or suffered an injustice. The person feels resentment or anger because they believe they have been wronged, discriminated against, or unfairly burdened.

​A stepping stone is used metaphorically to describe an event, opportunity, or job that is a temporary means to a much more important or significant end. A necessary, temporary step or intermediate stage leading to a better position or higher goal

​An ailment is a sickness or disorder, often a minor or chronic one. It generally refers to a mild illness that is not usually life-threatening or extremely serious

Dissent is the holding or expression of opinions contrary to those previously, commonly, or officially expressed.

Recourse refers to the act of turning to someone or something for help or protection in a difficult or problematic situation, especially the legal right to demand compensation or payment.

On the alert is an idiom meaning watchful, vigilant, and ready to deal with a potential danger, problem, or opportunity. It emphasizes a state of active readiness and awareness to perceive and respond to changes in the environment.

​A quandary is a state of perplexity or uncertainty over what to do in a difficult situation. Key Idea: A difficult situation or practical dilemma where the choice is unclear or difficult.

​To be vindicated also means to have your prior decision, action, or stance proven to be correct or justified by later events or evidence. ​Key Idea: Proven correct or justified by the results.

Literally, it means being physically covered or buried by a large, disorganized pile of objects. A "heap" usually implies that things are thrown together without much order.

Conning is the act of deceiving or tricking someone, usually to get money from them or to persuade them to do something they wouldn't normally do. Key Idea: Using manipulation and trust to defraud someone.

Key Idea: A variety or mixture of similar but not identical things.

​To dodge a bullet is an idiom used when someone narrowly avoids a very difficult, dangerous, or unpleasant situation. It implies that something bad was very likely to happen, but by luck or a quick decision, the person remained unharmed or unaffected

​To pay undue attention means to focus on someone or something more than is necessary, reasonable, or appropriate in a given situation. The word "undue" implies that the level of attention is excessive or unwarranted.

​To peer into means to look very searchingly or with difficulty into something. It often implies that the person is looking closely because the object is hard to see

1. A level or amount that is used as a limit for something to happen.

Astray is an adverb used to describe being away from the correct path or direction, either physically or morally.

This idiom is used to describe a situation that has completely reversed, especially when someone who was previously in a position of power or advantage is now in the opposite position.

A hoax is a humorous or malicious deception. It is a planned falsehood that is presented as the truth to trick a large group of people. Unlike a simple lie, a hoax is often elaborate and aimed at the public or a specific community.

To be thorough means to do something with great care and attention to detail, ensuring that nothing is overlooked or forgotten. A thorough person completes a task from start to finish without skipping any steps.

Astray is an adverb used to describe being away from the correct path or direction, either physically or morally.

​A considerate man is someone who is kind and thoughtful. He pays attention to the feelings, needs, and rights of others. He acts in a way that avoids upsetting or inconveniencing people and often puts others' needs before his own.

1. A document listing the cargo, passengers, and crew of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle. 2. To display or show a quality or feeling by one's acts or appearance.

Perishable goods are products that have a limited shelf life and are likely to decay or go bad quickly if they are not kept in specific conditions (like refrigeration) or consumed within a short time.

1. Being under financial pressure because costs are rising while income stays the same or decreases. 2. A situation where a rapid increase in the price of a stock forces "short sellers" to buy shares to avoid further losses.

A person hired to threaten, intimidate, or harm others; a thug or "muscle."

Vaguely is an adverb used to describe something that is not clearly expressed, understood, or remembered. It can also mean "slightly" or "to a small degree" when you have a faint feeling about something. ​Key Idea: Lacking precision or clarity.

A change or modification, typically a slight one, to something.

Key Idea: Raw or edited video material showing a specific event.

An abomination is something that causes disgust, loathing, or intense hatred. It often refers to something that goes against the natural order, religious laws, or moral standards of a society.

​English: (Of fabric or paper) showing lines or folds where it has been crushed or folded.