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smallest meaningful unit of language
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shape, form; it can be a whole word or a part of a word like a prefix or suffix
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are morphemes that can stand alone as complete words and carry meaning by themselves (eg. dog, run, happy)
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these morphemes must be attached to other morphemes to make sense. (eg. un-, in "undo")
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are words with extra parts added to basic word to change its meaning or function
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words that are made of combining two or more whole words together to create a new word (eg. tooth + brush = toothbrush)
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affixes that are like word builders; they attach to words to create new words or change their meaning (eg. happy by adding -un you get unhappy)
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affixes which work like grammar helpers; they attach to words to show things like tense number or gender but don't change the fundamental meaning (eg. cat, you add -s to make it plural, cats)
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are like different forms of the same morpheme. for example -s in cats is the same allomorph as -es in watches
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non-predictable allomorphs start learning
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they don't follow regular rules so you can't guess their form. (eg. past form of "go" is "went")
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hidden helpers. they dont have a visible form, but serve a grammatical purpose. (eg. plural for of sheep is the same as singular)
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different options for making plural forms (adding -s or -es or adding nothing like in "sheep")
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word formation process of creating your own words
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proper names, personal names, place names
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borrowing words from other languages
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is a process where a longer word is shortened by removing one or more syllables to create a new, shorter word with the same meaning (gas, flu, bus)
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is when a new word is made by mistakenly removing a part from an existing word that was never therein the first place (edit - editor)
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is a word formation process where a word changes its grammatical category without adding or removing any affixes (eg. "try" as a verb and "give it a try" as a noun)
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is like adding pieces to words to change their meaning. (eg. happy to unhappy by adding -un)
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shortcuts in language (eg. NASA)
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combining words to make a new word. (toothbrush)
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is like words changing their job over time. They go from having specific meaning to becoming grammar helpers. (eg. form "going to")
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if there is one word (laboriosity) and a similar word already exists (laboriousness) it can block or stop the new word from being used
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these are words people might invent (derival, describal)
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these are words that are real and accepted in the language
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prefixes, suffixes and infixes
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