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Question		Answer
Culture as "the cultivation of plants" start learning		was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
Culture as "production of bacteria" start learning		evolved in late 19th century
Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" start learning		was popular in 19th century
Culture in learning and taste start learning		makes the intellectual side of civilization
Culture is closely connected to... start learning		"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
How many definitions of culture are there in general? start learning		300
How many distinct themes are there in culture? start learning		7
First distinct in culture: start learning		Structure/pattern
Second distinct in culture: start learning		Function
Third distinct in culture: start learning		Process
Fourth distinct in culture: start learning		Product
Fifth distinct in culture: start learning		Refinement
Sixth distinct in culture: start learning		Group-membership
Seventh distinct in culture: start learning		Power
What is connected to structure as a system of elements? start learning		way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
What is the function of culture? start learning		It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
Continuous social construction of culture involves: start learning		- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
What is a cultural text? start learning		anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? start learning		instruction and moral progress
What is instruction? start learning		care given to development of the mind
What is moral progress? start learning		stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
What is group-membership? start learning		definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
How does power show in culture? start learning		Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
How does power manifest in culture? start learning		Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
Culture is... start learning		learned and acquired.
Socio-cultural patterns... start learning		are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
Socio-cultural patterns are learned... start learning		from family member, groups and societies people live in.
Cultures of human beings are influenced by... start learning		the physical and social environment through which they operate.
Culture is shared by... start learning		a group of people.
A thought or action... start learning		may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
Why is culture cumulative? start learning		Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
Why is culture dynamic? start learning		Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
Culture is diversified but... start learning		constitutes as a whole.
Culture is a system that has... start learning		many mutually interdependent parts.
Parts of culture are seperate but... start learning		they form a unified whole.
Two stages of socialisation: start learning		primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
Define primary socialisation. start learning		It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
What does primary socialisation involve? start learning		Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
Define secondary socialisation. start learning		It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
Components of critical cultural studies are: start learning		Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
What is production and political economy doing? start learning		Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
What are culture studies? start learning		Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
What do cultural studies combine? start learning		It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
What do cultural studies use? start learning		It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
What do cultural studies aim to? start learning		It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
What are the significant issues of cultural studies? start learning		an equal treatment of high and low culture
A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: start learning		The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
Why is culture multi-discursive? start learning		It includes numerous "languages".
Define discourse. start learning		It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
What are the examples of discourses? start learning		A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
What is the key to analyse culture? start learning		The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? start learning		Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
What does culture include? start learning		Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... start learning		lived cultures or practices.
Why is culture a social phenomenon? start learning		It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
Texts of culture... start learning		are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
A text is... start learning		anything that produces meaning.
Define polysemic. start learning		To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
What is Industrialisation? start learning		The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? start learning		2
The dates of the first Industrial Revolution start learning		1760-1830
The second Industrial Revolution took place in: start learning		The late 19th and 20th centuries.
Mass production is... start learning		the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
Mass production can't exist without... start learning		mass consumption.
Mass production process... start learning		is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
Modernisation is... start learning		the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
Urbanisation is... start learning		the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? start learning		1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
What was the first book written and when? start learning		Guttenberg Bible, 1465
What was the first newspaper and when was it published? start learning		Oxford Gazette, 1665
The first magazine published and when? start learning		American Magazine, 1741
When was telegraph invented? start learning		1844
What was the first movie and when was it published? start learning		"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
When was the first station on air and how was it called? start learning		KDKA in 1920
When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? start learning		W3XK in 1928
When did the internet start working around? start learning		1992
Define "popular". start learning		from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
1540's definition of popularity: start learning		"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
1570's definition of popularity: start learning		"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
1859's definition of popularity: start learning		"low, affordable to average persons"
1600's definition of popularity: start learning		"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
The definition of popularity from 1819: start learning		"favoured by people generally"
Popular culture is... start learning		culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
Examples of high culture: start learning		classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
Examples of low culture: start learning		food, entertainment, sports and shopping
Culture is diverse and... start learning		difficult to categorize.
A cultural skyscraper... start learning		involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
The opera... start learning		was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
The opera house... start learning		became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
Opera was transformed from... start learning		popular entertainment into high culture.
Commercial culture is... start learning		mass-produced for mass consumption.
Who is the audience of commercial culture? start learning		Dumb consumers.
What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? start learning		It's imitative and manipulative.
Commercial culture is connected to... start learning		Americanization of global culture.
Examples of cultural imperialism: start learning		The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
Popular culture originates from... start learning		the people.
Folk culture is... start learning		a culture of the people for the people.
Examples of folk culture in Poland: start learning		oscypek and ciupaga
Folk culture is not always authentic because... start learning		oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
Popular culture is a struggle between... start learning		originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
Reggae originally comes from... start learning		poor black or Jamaican people.
Reggae originally is... start learning		spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... start learning		materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
Postmodern culture is... start learning		a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
Postmodern popular culture blends... start learning		the authentic with commercial.
Tarantino's cinema... start learning		creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
Tarantino's films split into... start learning		non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... start learning		western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
Intertextuality is... start learning		quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... start learning		by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... start learning		by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
In 1953 CBS and RCA... start learning		reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... start learning		the early 1940s.
Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... start learning		the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
A recorded perfomance can be... start learning		edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
The first compact cassette was made in... start learning		1963
Compact cassette... start learning		gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
The compact disc was co-developed by... start learning		Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
The first CD was commercially released... start learning		in October 1982.
The MP3 file format was developed in... start learning		1992.
Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... start learning		1999
The Napster shut down in... start learning		2001
P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... start learning		after 2001.
Streaming music is... start learning		shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
A subscription fee... start learning		gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
Popular music streaming platforms are: start learning		Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
Oligopoly is... start learning		a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
3 major global companies of music industry are... start learning		Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
Music companies control about... start learning		65% of the recording industry market in the US.
Independent record labels are... start learning		companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
The Frankfurt School... start learning		is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
The Frankfurt School was founded... start learning		in Germany in 1923.
The Frankfurt School moved to... start learning		United States to NYC after 1933.
Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: start learning		Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... start learning		a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... start learning		which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
Basic focus of culture industry was... start learning		being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
The Frankfurt School attempted to show... start learning		a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
All products of the culture industry are designed for... start learning		profit.
Commodity is... start learning		an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
Every work of art is turned into... start learning		consumer product.
Culture industry uses a... start learning		production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
Films and TV shows we watch follow... start learning		the same recycled formulas.
Homogeneity states that... start learning		all mass culture is identical.
In consumers goods there are... start learning		several variations of the same thing.
All products produced under the same scheme are... start learning		"readable" and easily consumed.
Standardisation... start learning		makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
Hollywood was... start learning		a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
Hollywood produces... start learning		endless stream of movies.
Hollywood makes sure... start learning		nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
Film companies & streaming services... start learning		spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
Structural uniformity is... start learning		the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
Culture industries provide... start learning		"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
Audiences are... start learning		a product of media industries.
Culture manufacturing contains of... start learning		language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
Expansions in education... start learning		created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... start learning		became social issues drawing public attention.
An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... start learning		led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... start learning		a leisure class and significant consumers.
The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... start learning		increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... start learning		their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
Subcultures are... start learning		primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
Capitalist society produces... start learning		economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
Young people take and transform cultural texts as... start learning		a form of resistance.
Youth subcultures express... start learning		opposition to the generation gap.
Subcultures remain... start learning		sercret, alternative.
Resistance is expressed through... start learning		style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
The main elements of subcultural style are: start learning		image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
Bricolage is... start learning		a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
Homology is... start learning		the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
Punk style... start learning		reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
Skinheads style... start learning		are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
1950s subculture was... start learning		The Teddy Boys
1960s subculture was... start learning		The Mods & The Rockers
Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... start learning		The Skinheads
Middle 1970s subculture was... start learning		Punk
Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... start learning		The Metalheads
Early 1980s subculture was... start learning		The Goths
Another early 1980s subculture was... start learning		The New Romantics
The skinhead value system and style... start learning		mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
The Rude Boys derived from... start learning		dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
The rude boy style included... start learning		short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
Rude boys spoke in... start learning		an exotic dialect known as patois.
Ska is... start learning		a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
Skinhead aggro was based on... start learning		being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
Skinheads wore... start learning		Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
The four main cultural types of skinheads: start learning		traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
Female skinheads haircuts... start learning		are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
2-tone is... start learning		mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
Oi... start learning		began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
Subculturists share a degree of... start learning		an outsider status.
Post-subcultural generation... start learning		blended all sorts of music and fashion.
EDM and dance cultures appeared in... start learning		the end of the 1980s.
Raves are... start learning		all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
Subcultural participation is now... start learning		a matter of choice.
Adverts in 1960s were... start learning		usually followed by a slogan.
Adverts since 1970s... start learning		are based on visual style.
MTV promoted... start learning		a particular visual aesthetic.
In 2000s adverts... start learning		are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
Market research is... start learning		the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
famous-person testimonial start learning		an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
plain-folks appeal start learning		anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
snob-appeal approach start learning		an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
bandwagon effect start learning		an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
hidden-fear appeal start learning		anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
association principle start learning		a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
classified ads start learning		small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
spam start learning		- unwanted commercial e-mail;
web banner ads start learning		the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
OTT platforms start learning		enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
VODs start learning		employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
Monetizing nostalgia start learning		streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
media franchise start learning		acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
media convergence start learning		the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;

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