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Question		Answer
automaticity start learning		tendency of a tissue to produce AP spontaneously
cells oriented along the current flow vs start learning		cells arranged against the current flow
ballance between oxygen demand start learning		and supply
angina pectoris start learning		milder, reversible ischemia without necrosis of myocardium
classical angina pain start learning		substernal, central, dull, diffuse may be precipitated by exertion and radiating to arm or jaw or epigastrium. Can be relived by rest or taking nitrates
MI = myocardial infarction (med) = heart attack (non start learning		pain more severe, prolong duration, not relieved by rest or nitrates. Connected with autonomic upset
vasa vasorum start learning		nutrient arteries of arterial wall (from adventitia)
aneurysm / aneurism start learning		abnormal, irreversiblel dilatation in the wall of aorta
dissection of aorta start learning		in Marfan syndrome also HA
fenestrations start learning		small hall in endothelial cells
continuous capillaries start learning		have pinocytic vesicles
fenestrated capillaries start learning		in GIT, kidney, endocrine glands, pancreas; no pinocytic vesicles
sinusoidal capillaries start learning		disscontinuous basal lamina and endothelium, no tight junction. Highly porrus capillaries. Limforeticular system - liver spleen, limph nodes, bone marrow, adrenal cortex.
vericose veins start learning		żylaki
systolic BP start learning		max pressure in the major artery when hearst is at the top of systole
diastolic BP start learning		minimal pressure in the major artery when heart is at the end of diastole
a-v nipping (retina) in st II HA start learning		ucisk naczyn tetniczych na zylne w HA II stopnia
arteriosclerosis start learning		hardening of arteries w loss of elasticity
VCAM-1 start learning		vascular cell endothelial adhesion molecule
foam cells start learning		lipid loaded macrophages and smooth muscles
claudication start learning		chromanie przestankowe, when arteries fail to supply working muscles with extra blood (fail to dilate)
aneurysm start learning		abnormal, localized, irreversible dilatation of any part of CVS
atherosclerosis start learning		response to chronic injury to intima of large and medial size arteries where there is formation of FIBROFATTY intimal plaques
chrypka start learning		hoarseness
stridor start learning		inspiratory noises in major airways
autoregulation start learning		maintenance of blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure
syncope start learning		transient loss of conciousness due to reduce blood supply to cerebral cortex (global cerebral hypoxia)
atopy start learning		familiar tendency to develop IgE antibodies
heaving apex beat start learning		falujący
sinus of Valsalva start learning		dilated pocket in the root of aorta just above the valves. They are the origin of coronary arteries
tree bark appearance start learning		kora drzewna wyglad aorty od srodka przy kile
culprit start learning		winowajca
palpitations start learning		unpleasant awareness of your heartbeat
dyspnoe start learning		unpleasant awareness of breathing process
stenosis start learning		valve fail to open fully and produces impedement to forward flow
regurgitation start learning		valve fail to close properly during systole and there is problem of reversal flow
pink frothy sputum start learning		różowa pienista wydzielina
malar flush start learning		cyanosis look on the chicks in advanced stages fo MS due to static engorgement
cor pulmonaire start learning		RVF due to PRIMARY pulmonary hypertension due to pulmonary disease, or vasculature of lungs
apex beat start learning		outermost and lowermost area of pericardium where definite cardiac impulse can be felt. TIp of the LV touching the chest wall during every systole
apex beat - tapping (MS), heaving (AS), thrusting(AR) start learning		soft, little tap/ strong contraction of LV and prolong/ Strong but short time
rheumatic fever (rheumatic fever) start learning		postreptoccocal multi systemic, immune mediated, non-suppurative inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of synovial membranes and joints, pericardium, myocardium, even endocardium, may produce chorea, in the skin produces erythema marginatum
pulsus paradoxus start learning		where inspiratory fall in BP is more than 10 mmHg
Kussmaul's sign start learning		failure of JVP to go down during inspiration It sometimes even go up. In Constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Rather not in cardiac tamponade. Due to thick pericardium ITP cannot be transferred on to cardiac pressures.
heart failure start learning		despite appropriate filling of the heart it fails to generate enough CO to meets minimal oxygen demands of the body tissues
preload start learning		EDV - amount of blood that is present in ventricular cavity at the end of diastole
contractility start learning		intrinsic health of myocardium
afterload start learning		resistance against which ventricles have to generate CO
haevy and boggy lung in LVF start learning		ciężkie i bagniste płuca (obrzęk płuc)
ortopnea start learning		dyspnea that worsens on lying down
oozing fluid start learning		sączący się
cardiac failure start learning		complex, progressive clinical pathological syndrome characterized by failure of the heart to provide enough CO to peripheral tissues in spite of normal or enough normal filling preasures
diastole start learning		ability of the ventricle to relax properly and accommodate enough EDV
Ischemic heart disease start learning		group of clinical pathological syndromes which result due to imbalance between supply and demand to the myocardium
coagulation start learning		soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin
thrombus start learning		platelet with coagulation material on it
necrosis start learning		morphological changes in the cell tissue which has been lethaly injured WHILE this tissue is still part of a living person.
heart failure start learning		describe wide spectrum of clinical and pathophysiological conditions, ranging from asymptomatic systolic and diastolic dysfunction to life-threatening acute pulmonary edema and cariogenic shock
unstable angina start learning		severe angina, of recent onset or with progressively increasing frequency or angina which is precipitated by progressively reducing excursion even at rest. Have unstable atheromteous plaque with thrombus formation. Not relieved by rest or taking nitrates
shock start learning		clinical pathological condition in which CVS collapses and there is wide spread hypoxia to multiple tissues in the body
cardiac tamponade start learning		clinical pathological condition in which there is increased amount of fluid in pericardial suck and it result with compression of both ventricles and unables the heart to relax properly
endotoxins start learning		integral layer of G negative bacteria. Only released when bacteria dye. Its. a Lipopolysacharide (LPS). Not affected by heat. Non specific. General effects. No Ab produced if previous attack.
exotoxins start learning		released by living bacteria by G neg and G positive as well. Its a protein. Destroyed by the heat. Specific to organs, target tissue. Ab produced if previous attack - immunity.
toxaid start learning		exotoxin altered in such a way that will not produce disease but still trigger the immune system
empyema start learning		localised collection of pus in an epithelial lined area
abscess start learning		localised collection of pus

Cardiac physiology

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