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Question		Answer
lens capsule A thin, transparent membrane that surrounds the entire lens. start learning		torebka soczewki
lens cortex The outer layer of the lens that contains younger lens fibers. start learning		kora soczewki
lens nucleus The dense, central part of the lens that hardens with age. start learning		jądro soczewki
nuclear cataract A type of cataract forming in the central zone of the lens. start learning		zaćma jądrowa
cortical cataract A cataract affecting the outer layer of the lens. start learning		zaćma korowa
congenital cataract A cataract present at birth that affects visual development. start learning		zaćma wrodzona
intraocular lens (IOL) An artificial lens implanted to restore vision. start learning		soczewka wewnątrzgałkowa
nearsightedness (myopia) A condition where close objects are seen clearly but distant ones are blurred. start learning		krótkowzroczność
farsightedness (hyperopia) A condition where distant objects are seen more clearly than near ones. start learning		dalekowzroczność
astigmatism A vision condition causing blurred vision due to irregular corneal shape. start learning		astygmatyzm
presbyopia Age start learning		starczowzroczność related difficulty in seeing close objects clearly.
glaucoma A group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, often due to high eye pressure. start learning		jaskra
cataract Clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye. start learning		zaćma
macular degeneration A condition that affects central vision due to retinal damage. start learning		zwyrodnienie plamki żółtej
diabetic retinopathy Retinal damage due to complications of diabetes. start learning		retinopatia cukrzycowa
strabismus A misalignment of the eyes so that they do not point in the same direction. start learning		zez
eye drops A liquid medication applied directly to the eye. start learning		krople do oczu
blurred vision When vision is not clear or sharp. start learning		zamazane widzenie
eye strain Discomfort from overuse of the eyes. start learning		zmęczenie oczu
blindness The condition of being unable to see. start learning		ślepota
slit lamp A microscope used to examine the eye in detail. start learning		lampa szczelinowa
stye/hordeolum A red, painful bump on the eyelid caused by an infected gland. start learning		jęczmień
Refractive myopia Myopia caused by the eye's optical power being too strong. start learning		krótkowzroczność refrakcyjna
Axial myopia Myopia resulting from an abnormally long eyeball. start learning		krótkowzroczność osiowa
Open jaskra otwartego kąta start learning		angle glaucoma A common type of glaucoma with slow drainage of fluid from the eye.
Retinal detachment Separation of the retina from its supporting tissues. start learning		odwarstwienie siatkówki
Myopic macular degeneration A complication of high myopia affecting central vision. start learning		krótkowzroczne zwyrodnienie plamki żółtej
Single vision lens Lenses designed to correct vision at one distance only. start learning		soczewki jednoogniskowe
Elongate To grow longer, often describing the eyeball in myopia. start learning		wydłużać się
Gas permeability The ability of a material to allow gases to pass through. start learning		przepuszczalność gazu
Diameter The length of a straight line through the center of a circle. start learning		średnica
Cornea The clear front part of the eye that focuses light. start learning		rogówka
Epithelium The outermost protective layer of the cornea. start learning		nabłonek
Bowman’s Layer A tough layer under the epithelium that helps maintain corneal shape. start learning		warstwa Bowmana
Stroma The thick, middle part of the cornea made of collagen fibers. start learning		zrąb
Endothelium The inner layer of the cornea that pumps out fluid to keep it clear. start learning		śródbłonek
Tear A liquid layer that covers and protects the cornea. start learning		Film film łzowy
Limbus The border between the cornea and the white of the eye. start learning		rąbek
Refractive Power The cornea's ability to bend light to focus it on the retina. start learning		zdolność refrakcyjna
Transparency The quality that allows light to pass through the cornea clearly. start learning		przezroczystość
Primary lens fibers The first fibers that form in the lens during development. start learning		pierwotne włókna soczewki
Retinopathy of prematurity An eye disorder affecting premature babies due to abnormal retinal vessel growth. start learning		retinopatia wcześniaków
Anterior chamber The fluid start learning		komora przednia filled space inside the eye between the cornea and the iris.
Corneal curvature The shape of the cornea that affects how light is focused. start learning		krzywizna rogówki
Lubrication The process of keeping the eye surface moist. start learning		nawilżenie
Evaporation The process of liquid turning into vapor, relevant to tear loss. start learning		parowanie
Conjunctiva The thin membrane covering the white part of the eye. start learning		spojówka
Artificial tears Eye drops used to relieve dryness and mimic natural tears. start learning		sztuczne łzy
Punctal plugs Small devices inserted into tear ducts to reduce drainage. start learning		zatyczki do kanalików łzowych
Schirmer test A diagnostic test to measure tear production. start learning		test Schirmera
Inflammation A condition where tissue becomes red, swollen, and painful. start learning		stan zapalny
Intraocular pressure The fluid pressure inside the eye. start learning		ciśnienie wewnątrzgałkowe
Intraocular hypertension Higher than normal pressure in the eye without vision loss. start learning		podwyższone ciśnienie wewnątrzgałkowe
Jaskra z zamkniętym kątem type of glaucoma caused by blocked fluid drainage in the eye. start learning		Angle-closure glaucoma
Congenital glaucoma A rare type of glaucoma present at birth. start learning		jaskra wrodzona
Visual field loss Loss of part of the usual field of view. start learning		utrata pola widzenia
Ciliary body A part of the eye involved in fluid production and accommodation. start learning		ciało rzęskowe
Perimetry A test to assess visual fields. start learning		perymetria
Tonometry A test to measure eye pressure. start learning		tonometria
Ocular discomfort Unpleasant sensations in or around the eyes. start learning		dyskomfort oczu
Refractive errors Vision problems like myopia or hyperopia caused by improper focusing of light. start learning		wady refrakcji
Adhere to the 20-20-20 rule start learning		Adhere to the 20-20-20 rule stosować zasadę 20
Progressive vision loss Gradual decline in the ability to see clearly. start learning		postępująca utrata wzroku
Visual acuity The clarity or sharpness of vision. start learning		ostrość widzenia
Rub your eyes To touch or massage the eyes, which can cause irritation or harm. start learning		pocierać oczy
Digital eye strain Eye discomfort after prolonged use of screens. start learning		cyfrowe zmęczenie oczu
Photokeratitis Inflammation of the cornea caused by UV exposure. start learning		zapalenie rogówki od UV
Ciliary muscle A muscle that controls lens shape for focusing. start learning		mięsień rzęskowy
Zonular fibers Fibers that hold the lens in place and adjust its shape. start learning		więzadełka (Zinna)
Constricted pupil A pupil that becomes smaller in response to light or drugs. start learning		zwężona źrenica
Dilated pupil A pupil that becomes larger due to darkness or certain medications. start learning		rozszerzona źrenica
Accommodative insufficiency Difficulty maintaining focus on near objects. start learning		niedostateczna akomodacja
Accommodative infacility Difficulty changing focus from near to far. start learning		niesprawna akomodacja
Accommodative excess Too much focusing effort, even when unnecessary. start learning		nadmierna akomodacja
Agnosia The inability to process sensory information correctly. start learning		agnozja
Screening A test used to detect disease in people without symptoms. start learning		badanie przesiewowe
Vessels Tubes in the body that carry blood or other fluids. start learning		naczynia
Invasive Involving entry into the body, often through surgery. start learning		inwazyjny
Cerebellum Part of the brain that controls coordination and balance. start learning		móżdżek
Thalamus A brain structure that relays sensory signals. start learning		wzgórze
Premature Born before the full term of pregnancy. start learning		przedwczesny
Follow wizyta kontrolna start learning		up visit A scheduled visit to monitor recovery or progress.
Binocular fixation stimulus A target used to align both eyes simultaneously. start learning		bodziec do fiksacji obuocznej
Binocular vision disorders Conditions affecting the use of both eyes together. start learning		zaburzenia widzenia obuocznego
Convergence insufficiency Inability to maintain convergence while reading. start learning		niedostateczna konwergencja
Convergence excess Too much inward turning of the eyes. start learning		nadmierna konwergencja
Polarizing filter A filter that allows only part of the light to pass through. start learning		filtr polaryzacyjny
Vision therapy Exercises to improve coordination and function of the eyes. start learning		trening wzrokowy
Fixation disparity A small misalignment of the eyes when focusing on a target. start learning		różnice fiksacji
Color blindness A condition where a person has difficulty distinguishing colors. start learning		ślepota barw
Monochromacy Complete color blindness — only shades of gray are seen. start learning		monochromazja
Ishihara test A dot start learning		test Ishihary pattern test for diagnosing color blindness.
Genetic disorder A condition caused by changes in genetic material. start learning		choroba genetyczna
Vision The ability to see. start learning		wzrok
Peripheral vision Ability to see objects outside the direct line of sight. start learning		widzenie peryferyjne
Field of view The entire area visible to the eye without moving it. start learning		pole widzenia
Rods Retinal cells sensitive to light and dark. start learning		pręciki
Cones Retinal cells sensitive to color. start learning		czopki
Photoreceptors Cells in the retina that respond to light. start learning		fotoreceptory
night blindness Difficulty seeing in low light or darkness. start learning		ślepota zmierzchowa
contact lens A thin lens placed directly on the surface of the eye. start learning		soczewka kontaktowa
visual system All parts of the body involved in seeing, from the eyes to the brain. start learning		układ wzrokowy
pupil The black circular opening in the center of the eye that lets light in. start learning		źrenica
macula The central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision. start learning		plamka żółta
retina The light start learning		siatkówka sensitive layer at the back of the eye that sends visual signals to the brain.
dry eye A condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears or the right quality of tears. start learning		zespół suchego oka
amblyopia A vision development disorder where an eye fails to achieve normal visual acuity. start learning		niedowidzenie
optic nerve The nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain. start learning		nerw wzrokowy

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