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How are TORA, TODA, ASDA and LDA related? start learning
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TORA = runway available for take-off ground run; TODA = TORA + clearway; ASDA = TORA + stopway; LDA = runway available for landing ground run.
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What is the practical difference between a clearway and a stopway? start learning
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A clearway provides obstacle-free space for the airborne part of take-off and need not support the aircraft; a stopway is prepared to support an aircraft during a rejected take-off.
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How does a displaced threshold affect declared distances? start learning
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It reduces LDA for approaches to that threshold; pavement before it may still be available for take-off and other operations as declared.
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Why must an intersection departure be explicitly accounted for in performance? start learning
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Available TORA/TODA/ASDA are reduced from the selected intersection.
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What is the purpose of a RESA? start learning
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To reduce the consequences of runway overruns and undershoots.
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What are the key aerodrome light colours worth knowing? start learning
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Runway edge: white, becoming yellow near the far end; threshold: green; runway end: red; runway centreline: white → alternating red/white → red; taxiway centreline: green; taxiway edge: blue; stop bar: red; runway guard lights: yellow.
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How do runway centreline lights change near the runway end? start learning
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White until 900 m remaining, alternating red/white from 900 to 300 m, then red for the final 300 m.
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What does yellow runway edge lighting indicate? start learning
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The final 600 m or final one-third of the runway, whichever is less, viewed in the take-off direction.
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How do you interpret a standard four-unit PAPI? start learning
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2 white/2 red = on slope; more white = high; more red = low.
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Does following PAPI from any lateral position guarantee obstacle clearance? start learning
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No. Its obstacle protection is based on the designed approach geometry.
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What is the key colour logic for aerodrome markings and signs? start learning
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Runway markings are white; taxiway markings are yellow; mandatory instruction signs use white text on red; location signs use yellow text on black; direction/destination signs use black text on yellow.
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What does a standard runway-holding marking indicate? start learning
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The aircraft must remain on the holding side of the marking until cleared to proceed.
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What does an illuminated stop bar mean? start learning
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Does an ATC clearance by itself authorise crossing an illuminated stop bar? start learning
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No. Under normal procedures, the stop bar must also be extinguished.
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What is the purpose of runway guard lights? start learning
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To make a runway-holding position conspicuous and reduce runway-incursion risk.
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What is a runway incursion versus a runway excursion? start learning
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Incursion = incorrect presence on the protected runway area; excursion = aircraft leaves the runway surface by veering off or overrunning.
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What cockpit actions are particularly effective against runway incursions? start learning
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Taxi briefing, chart monitoring, explicit runway-crossing awareness, stop-bar discipline and independent verification of runway identity before take-off.
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What should the crew do if position on the manoeuvring area becomes uncertain? start learning
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Stop and clarify the aircraft position before continuing.
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What are useful ways to verify the correct runway before take-off? start learning
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Cross-check signs and markings, runway designation, aircraft heading/navigation display and airport chart.
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Why are ILS critical/sensitive areas protected during low-visibility operations? start learning
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Aircraft or vehicles can disturb the transmitted guidance signal.
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What is the practical difference between RVR and meteorological visibility? start learning
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RVR is runway-specific visibility of runway markings/lights from the centreline; meteorological visibility is a general atmospheric visibility measurement.
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What is the purpose of the Global Reporting Format (GRF)? start learning
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To provide a standardised assessment of runway surface condition and its expected effect on aircraft performance.
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How is runway condition expressed using RWYCC? start learning
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Three codes from 0 to 6, one for each runway third.
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What do RWYCC values 6 to 0 broadly represent? start learning
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6 dry; 5 good; 4 good-to-medium; 3 medium; 2 medium-to-poor; 1 poor; 0 less-than-poor.
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start learning
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The Runway Condition Assessment Matrix linking surface contaminant type/depth and observations to an RWYCC and expected braking performance.
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What is the important 25% coverage rule in GRF? start learning
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A runway is considered contaminated when more than 25% of at least one runway third is covered by relevant contamination.
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What RWYCC is normally assigned when 25% or less of a runway third is wet or contaminated? start learning
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RWYCC 6, although the contaminant may still be reported as applicable.
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What is the key 3 mm distinction for water and slush? start learning
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Up to 3 mm is treated in the wet/slush ≤3 mm category; more than 3 mm standing water or slush normally results in RWYCC 2.
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What RWYCC is normally associated with a wet runway? start learning
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What RWYCC is normally associated with slippery-wet conditions? start learning
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What RWYCC is normally associated with untreated ice? start learning
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What does RWYCC 0 mean operationally? start learning
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Less-than-poor braking; operations under such braking conditions are prohibited.
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Can a pilot braking-action report affect the aerodrome-assigned RWYCC? start learning
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Yes. It may require downgrading; upgrading is permitted only under specific GRF conditions.
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Can contaminant-based RWYCC 5, 4, 3 or 2 normally be upgraded? start learning
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No. RWYCC 1 or 0 may, under defined procedures, be upgraded to a maximum of 3.
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Why must each runway third be considered separately? start learning
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Contamination and braking performance may vary significantly along the runway.
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Why is touchdown position especially important on a wet or contaminated runway? start learning
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A long touchdown consumes stopping distance when braking capability may already be reduced.
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Why is excess landing speed particularly costly on a contaminated runway? start learning
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Kinetic energy rises with speed squared while available tyre/runway friction may be reduced.
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Why is standing water a take-off hazard in addition to reduced braking? start learning
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It adds displacement/impingement drag, increases hydroplaning risk and can produce spray-related effects.
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Why should pilot braking reports from another aircraft be interpreted cautiously? start learning
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Braking performance depends on aircraft type, mass, tyres, speed, braking system and technique.
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