→ 06 Air Law & Airspace → Start Learning / Download MP3 Flashcards

Question		Answer
What does SERA stand for? start learning		Standardised European Rules of the Air.
What is the main EU regulation containing SERA? start learning		Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 923/2012, as amended.
What is ICAO Annex 2? start learning		Rules of the Air.
What is ICAO Annex 6? start learning		Operation of Aircraft.
What is ICAO Annex 10? start learning		Aeronautical Telecommunications.
What is ICAO Annex 11? start learning		Air Traffic Services.
What is ICAO Annex 12? start learning		Search and Rescue.
What is ICAO Annex 14? start learning		Aerodromes.
What is ICAO Annex 15? start learning		Aeronautical Information Services.
What is ICAO Annex 19? start learning		Safety Management.
What is ICAO Doc 4444? start learning		PANS-ATM: Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Air Traffic Management.
What is ICAO Doc 8168? start learning		PANS-OPS: Aircraft Operations, including flight procedures and procedure design.
What does SARP stand for? start learning		Standard and Recommended Practice.
Who is responsible for compliance with the Rules of the Air? start learning		The pilot-in-command, whether manipulating the controls or not.
May the PIC depart from the Rules of the Air in an emergency? start learning		Yes, when absolutely necessary in the interests of safety.
Who has final authority over the disposition of the aircraft? start learning		The pilot-in-command.
What must pre-flight action include for IFR flights? start learning		Study of available information, weather, fuel/energy requirements and an alternative course of action.
What is controlled airspace? start learning		Airspace where ATC service is provided according to its airspace classification.
Which ICAO/SERA airspace classes are controlled airspace? start learning		Classes A, B, C, D and E.
What is a controlled flight? start learning		Any flight subject to an ATC clearance.
What is a Flight Information Region (FIR)? start learning		Airspace of defined dimensions within which FIS and alerting service are provided.
What is a control area (CTA)? start learning		Controlled airspace extending upward from a specified limit above the Earth.
What is a control zone (CTR)? start learning		Controlled airspace extending upward from the surface to a specified upper limit.
What is a prohibited area? start learning		Airspace within which flight is prohibited.
What is a restricted area? start learning		Airspace within which flight is restricted according to specified conditions.
What is a danger area? start learning		Airspace where activities dangerous to aircraft flight may exist at specified times.
Can an aircraft enter a prohibited or restricted area freely? start learning		No. Only according to published conditions or with appropriate permission.
What flights are permitted in Class A airspace? start learning		IFR only.
What separation is provided in Class A? start learning		All aircraft are separated from each other.
Is ATC clearance required in Class A? start learning		Yes.
Are IFR and VFR flights permitted in Class B? start learning		Yes.
What separation is provided in Class B? start learning		All IFR and VFR aircraft are separated from each other.
Is ATC clearance required for both IFR and VFR in Class B? start learning		Yes.
Are IFR and VFR flights permitted in Class C? start learning		Yes.
From which traffic are IFR flights separated in Class C? start learning		From both IFR and VFR traffic.
From which traffic are VFR flights separated in Class C? start learning		From IFR traffic.
Are VFR flights separated from other VFR flights in Class C? start learning		No; they receive traffic information and avoidance advice on request.
Is ATC clearance required for all flights in Class C? start learning		Yes.
Are IFR and VFR flights permitted in Class D? start learning		Yes.
From which traffic are IFR flights separated in Class D? start learning		From other IFR flights.
Are VFR flights separated from IFR traffic in Class D? start learning		No; traffic information is provided.
Is ATC clearance required for all flights in Class D? start learning		Yes.
Are IFR and VFR flights permitted in Class E? start learning		Yes.
What separation is provided to IFR flights in Class E? start learning		IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights.
Are VFR flights separated from other traffic in Class E? start learning		No.
Does VFR normally require ATC clearance in Class E? start learning		No.
Does IFR require ATC clearance in Class E? start learning		Yes.
Is continuous two-way radio normally required for IFR in Class E? start learning		Yes.
Is continuous two-way radio normally required for VFR in Class E? start learning		No, unless another requirement such as an RMZ applies.
Can a control zone be Class E under SERA? start learning		No.
What service characterises Class F airspace? start learning		Air traffic advisory service for participating IFR flights; FIS is available if requested.
Is ATC clearance required in Class F? start learning		No.
What separation is provided in Class G? start learning		None by ATC.
What service may be provided in Class G? start learning		Flight Information Service if requested.
Is ATC clearance required in Class G? start learning		No.
How does SERA classify airspace above FL195? start learning		Class C.
Where does the standard 250 kt IAS limit below 10,000 ft apply under SERA? start learning		VFR in Class C and all flights in Classes D, E, F and G, subject to authorised exceptions.
Why does the 250 kt limit exist in less restrictive airspace? start learning		To improve the ability to visually acquire traffic that may not be separated.
What is an RMZ? start learning		Radio Mandatory Zone.
What is required when operating in an RMZ? start learning		Continuous radio watch and two-way communication as necessary, unless alternative provisions apply.
What should an initial RMZ call normally contain? start learning		Station, callsign, aircraft type, position, level, intentions and other required information.
What is a TMZ? start learning		Transponder Mandatory Zone.
What equipment is normally required in a TMZ? start learning		An operating Mode A/C or Mode S SSR transponder, unless alternative provisions apply.
Where are RMZs and TMZs published? start learning		In the relevant AIP.
What are the standard VMC minima at or above 10,000 ft? start learning		8 km visibility; 1,500 m horizontally and 1,000 ft vertically from cloud.
What are the standard VMC minima below 10,000 ft above the low-level band? start learning		5 km visibility; 1,500 m horizontally and 1,000 ft vertically from cloud.
What defines the low-level VMC band? start learning		At or below 3,000 ft AMSL or 1,000 ft above terrain, whichever is higher.
What are the low-level VMC minima in Classes A–E? start learning		5 km visibility; 1,500 m horizontally and 1,000 ft vertically from cloud.
What are the normal low-level VMC minima in Classes F and G? start learning		5 km visibility, clear of cloud and with the surface in sight.
Can low-level visibility in Class F/G be reduced below 5 km? start learning		Yes, when specifically prescribed by the competent authority.
What is a typical lower visibility limit for qualifying fixed-wing low-level VFR? start learning		1,500 m when permitted and flown at 140 kt IAS or less under applicable conditions.
Do published VMC minima for Class A mean VFR is allowed there? start learning		No. They are provided for guidance; Class A remains IFR only.
Without special clearance, when may VFR not take off or land at an aerodrome in a CTR? start learning		When ceiling is below 1,500 ft or ground visibility below 5 km.
May VFR normally operate above FL195? start learning		No, except under specific published or authorised arrangements.
How high may specifically authorised VFR traffic operate under the SERA exception? start learning		Up to and including FL285.
Why is VFR authorisation above FL285 restricted in RVSM airspace? start learning		Because 1,000 ft vertical separation is applied above FL290.
What is the minimum VFR height over a congested area? start learning		1,000 ft above the highest obstacle within 600 m, except for take-off, landing or authorised exceptions.
What is the normal minimum VFR height elsewhere? start learning		500 ft above ground/water or the highest obstacle within 500 ft radius.
When do VFR cruising levels normally apply? start learning		In level cruising flight above 3,000 ft above ground or water, unless otherwise specified.
What is Special VFR? start learning		A VFR flight authorised by ATC to operate within a CTR in conditions below normal VFR criteria.
Is an ATC clearance required for Special VFR? start learning		Yes.
Must Special VFR remain clear of cloud? start learning		Yes.
Must a Special VFR pilot keep the surface in sight? start learning		Yes.
What is the minimum Special VFR flight visibility for aeroplanes? start learning		1,500 m.
What is the minimum Special VFR flight visibility for helicopters? start learning		800 m.
What is the maximum normal Special VFR speed? start learning		140 kt IAS.
Is Special VFR normally conducted by day? start learning		Yes, unless night SVFR is permitted by the competent authority.
When may ATC not issue SVFR for take-off, landing or circuit operations to an aeroplane? start learning		If ground visibility is below 1,500 m or ceiling below 600 ft.
What instruments and navigation equipment must an IFR aircraft have? start learning		Equipment appropriate to the route and compliant with applicable air operations rules.
If no State minimum IFR altitude is published, what applies over mountainous/high terrain? start learning		At least 2,000 ft above the highest obstacle within 8 km.
If no State minimum IFR altitude is published, what applies elsewhere? start learning		At least 1,000 ft above the highest obstacle within 8 km.
Does encountering VMC automatically justify cancelling IFR? start learning		No.
When should IFR normally be cancelled after entering VMC? start learning		Only when continued flight in uninterrupted VMC is intended and expected for a reasonable period.
What phrase is used to cancel IFR under SERA? start learning		“CANCELLING MY IFR FLIGHT.”
Can ATC invite or pressure a pilot to cancel IFR? start learning		No.
What rules apply to IFR flights within controlled airspace? start learning		They must comply with ATC clearances and applicable ATC procedures.
How are IFR cruising levels selected outside controlled airspace? start learning		According to track and the table of cruising levels, unless otherwise specified.
When are cruising levels expressed as flight levels? start learning		At or above the lowest usable flight level or above the transition altitude.
When are cruising levels expressed as altitudes? start learning		Below the lowest usable flight level or at/below the transition altitude.
What is transition altitude? start learning		The altitude at or below which vertical position is normally expressed as altitude.
What is transition level? start learning		The lowest usable flight level above the transition altitude.
What is the transition layer? start learning		The airspace between transition altitude and transition level.
For tracks 000°–179°, which IFR cruising levels are used? start learning		Odd thousands: FL030, FL050, FL070, etc., subject to the applicable level table.
For tracks 180°–359°, which IFR cruising levels are used? start learning		Even thousands: FL040, FL060, FL080, etc., subject to the applicable level table.
For tracks 000°–179°, which VFR cruising levels are normally used? start learning		Odd thousands plus 500 ft: e.g. FL035, FL055, FL075.
For tracks 180°–359°, which VFR cruising levels are normally used? start learning		Even thousands plus 500 ft: e.g. FL045, FL065, FL085.
What does RVSM stand for? start learning		Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum.
What vertical separation does RVSM provide? start learning		1,000 ft.
What is the standard ICAO RVSM band? start learning		FL290 to FL410 inclusive.
Why does RVSM require specific aircraft capability? start learning		Altimetry and altitude-keeping performance must support reliable 1,000 ft separation.
When is an ATS flight plan required for a flight receiving ATC service? start learning		Before operating any flight or portion of flight to be provided with ATC service.
Is a flight plan required for an IFR flight in advisory airspace? start learning		Yes.
Is a flight plan normally required for an international border crossing? start learning		Yes, unless otherwise prescribed by the States concerned.
Is a flight plan required for a night flight leaving the vicinity of an aerodrome? start learning		Yes under SERA.
How early may an applicable flight plan normally be submitted? start learning		Not more than 120 hours before EOBT.
How early should a flight subject to ATFM normally file? start learning		At least 3 hours before EOBT.
How early should other applicable flights normally file before departure? start learning		At least 60 minutes before departure.
If filing in flight, how early must ATS receive the plan before entering relevant controlled/advisory airspace? start learning		At least 10 minutes before the intended entry or crossing point.
Can a flight plan cover only part of a flight? start learning		Yes.
What are key elements of an ATS flight plan? start learning		Identification, rules/type, aircraft/equipment, departure, time, speed, level, route, destination, alternates and endurance.
Why is closing a flight plan important when an arrival report is required? start learning		Failure to close it can trigger unnecessary alerting and search-and-rescue action.
What does ATS stand for? start learning		Air Traffic Services.
What services are included in ATS? start learning		ATC, Flight Information Service, alerting service and air traffic advisory service.
What are the main objectives of ATS? start learning		Prevent collisions, maintain orderly traffic, provide useful information and support search and rescue.
To which IFR flights is ATC service provided? start learning		All IFR flights in Classes A, B, C, D and E.
To which VFR flights is ATC service provided? start learning		VFR flights in Classes B, C and D.
Is ATC service provided to Special VFR flights? start learning		Yes.
Is ATC service provided to aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes? start learning		Yes.
Does receiving Flight Information Service transfer responsibility from the PIC? start learning		No. The PIC remains responsible for decisions.
What is the purpose of Flight Information Service? start learning		To provide advice and information useful for safe and efficient flight.
What is alerting service? start learning		A service notifying and assisting organisations when aircraft may need search-and-rescue assistance.
Which aircraft normally receive alerting service? start learning		ATC-controlled aircraft, filed/known flights as practicable, and aircraft subject to unlawful interference.
What does ACC stand for? start learning		Area Control Centre.
What is the main role of an ACC? start learning		Providing area control service to controlled flights en route.
What is the main role of approach control? start learning		ATC service for controlled arriving and departing flights.
What is the main role of an aerodrome control tower? start learning		ATC service for aerodrome traffic.
What does AFIS provide? start learning		Flight Information Service and alerting service, not ATC service.
What does INCERFA mean? start learning		Uncertainty phase.
What does ALERFA mean? start learning		Alert phase.
What does DETRESFA mean? start learning		Distress phase.
What characterises DETRESFA? start learning		Reasonable certainty of grave and imminent danger or a need for immediate assistance.
Does an ATC clearance remove the PIC’s collision-avoidance responsibility? start learning		No.
Must pilots maintain vigilance even in controlled airspace and under IFR? start learning		Yes, whenever circumstances permit detection of collision hazards.
What should an aircraft with right-of-way normally do? start learning		Maintain heading and speed.
What should two aircraft approaching head-on do? start learning		Both alter heading to the right.
In a converging situation at similar level, which aircraft gives way? start learning		The aircraft that has the other aircraft on its right.
Which has priority: a power-driven aeroplane or a sailplane? start learning		The sailplane.
Which has priority: a sailplane or a balloon? start learning		The balloon.
What must a power-driven aircraft do when encountering an aircraft towing another aircraft or object? start learning		Give way.
Which aircraft has right-of-way during overtaking? start learning		The aircraft being overtaken.
To which side should an overtaking powered aircraft normally alter heading? start learning		To the right.
Who has priority: an aircraft landing or one operating on the ground? start learning		The landing aircraft.
When two aircraft are approaching to land, which normally has priority? start learning		The lower aircraft, but it must not cut in front of another on final.
What priority does an aircraft making an emergency landing have? start learning		Other aircraft must give way.
What must a taxiing aircraft do for an aircraft taking off or about to take off? start learning		Give way.
What should two taxiing aircraft approaching head-on do? start learning		Stop or, where practicable, both alter course to the right.
In a taxiway converging conflict, who gives way? start learning		The aircraft that has the other aircraft on its right.
May an aircraft cross an illuminated stop bar? start learning		No.
When may an aircraft proceed past a stop bar normally? start learning		When the stop-bar lights are switched off and the required clearance has been received.
What should a pilot do if uncertain of position on the manoeuvring area? start learning		Stop and immediately notify ATS, including the last known position.
What if position is uncertain but the pilot knows the aircraft is on a runway? start learning		Notify ATS, vacate via a suitable taxiway if able and not otherwise instructed, then stop.
What direction are aerodrome traffic-pattern turns normally made? start learning		To the left unless otherwise indicated or instructed by ATC.
What is the normal preferred take-off and landing direction? start learning		Into wind, unless safety, runway configuration or traffic considerations favour another direction.
What is SSR code 7700? start learning		Emergency.
What is SSR code 7600? start learning		Radio-communication failure.
What is SSR code 7500? start learning		Unlawful interference.
What is the normal SERA conspicuity code when not receiving ATS? start learning		7000, unless another code is prescribed.
What code may be selected when receiving ATS but no specific SSR code has been assigned? start learning		2000 or another code prescribed by the competent authority.
When should IDENT normally be operated? start learning		When requested by ATS.
What ATC items must always be read back? start learning		Route, runway, level, heading, speed, SSR, frequency, altimeter and transition-level safety-related instructions.
Which runway instructions require readback? start learning		Enter, land, take off, hold short, cross, taxi or backtrack on a runway.
Why is correct readback essential? start learning		It allows ATC to detect and correct misunderstandings before they become operational errors.
What must a controlled flight normally do with its current flight plan? start learning		Adhere to it unless a change is requested and cleared or emergency action is required.
What should be done after an inadvertent deviation from track? start learning		Correct the heading and regain track as soon as practicable.
If an ATC clearance is unacceptable or cannot safely be complied with, what should the pilot do? start learning		Inform ATC and request or obtain an amended clearance.
What time standard is used in aviation under SERA? start learning		Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
How is UTC expressed operationally? start learning		Hours and minutes of the 24-hour day, with seconds when required.

06 Air Law & Airspace

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