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Question		Answer
Carry out start learning		to do or complete smth Scientists have carried out research on.../We have carried out a thorough review of...
Bring about start learning		cause The railways brought about huge change
come about start learning		happen The discovery came about by chance
account for start learning		explain unusually cold weather accounted for the rise in fuel use
consist of start learning		beginning of an essay This report consists of 3 main parts
focus on start learning		beginning of an essay The essay focuses on Mahler’s early life...
expand on start learning		(essay) to give more details about smth you have said The essay focuses on Mahler’s early life and expands on previous work by...
build on start learning		(essay) to use a success as a base from which to achieve more success The essay focuses on Mahler’s early life and builds on previous work by...
devote smth to start learning		a part (essay) use an area for a particular purpose The final section is devoted to a discussion of...
refer to start learning		to tell smn to look at a book or similar record in order to find information and help In academic writing it is usually necessary to refer to other sources
point out start learning		to tell smn some information As Brown points out
put forward start learning		to state an idea or opinion or tu suggest a plan Smith puts forward the theory that
allude to start learning		to mention smth/smn without talking about it directly, mention briefly Her letters allude to the fact that
attribute to start learning		to say that smth is caused by a particular person This poem was originally attributed to shakespeare
Bear out start learning		to support the truth of smth these results bear our earlier findings
points towards start learning		to make it seem likely that a particular fact is true All the evidence points towards human error
base smth on smth start learning		to use information to support or prove an opinion or belief These recommendations are based on the results of extensive research
arrive at start learning		to reaxh an agreement about smth Their team arrived at the same conclusions
follow up start learning		to find out more about smth, take more action connected with it The questionnaires were followed up with interviews
factor in start learning		to include smth when you are doing a calculation, or trying to understand smth, consider information We had to factor in the effect of other treatments
narrow down start learning		to make a number/list smaller by removing the least important or necessary things Eventually, the age range was narrowed down
subject to start learning		only able to happen if smth else happens/make smth experience an unpleasant or worrying thing All the experiments were subjected to strict controls
dispense with start learning		to get rid of, stop using smth you don’t need The team was then able to dispense with paper records
phase smth in start learning		to introduce smth in stages the new procedures were phased in gradually
rule smth out start learning		to decide or say that smth is impossible/not suitable don’t rule out phrasal verbs in formal writing
contribute to start learning		to help to cause an event, situatiob contribute to an authoritative style
result in start learning		to cause a particular situation to happen result in admiration from ypur readers
# start learning		number Spoken-No - say "number" Do you have invoice #322034?
a/c start learning		account Spoken-No - say "account" Can you email me the details for a/c number 22-356?
AGM start learning		annual general meeting Spoken-Yes Shareholders voted at the AGM.
anon. start learning		anonymous used when an author or creator is not known Spoken-No - say "anonymous" Primary Colors by Anon. was about Bill Clinton
apt. start learning		apartment Spoken-No - say "apartment" or "number" He's in apt. 204
ASAP start learning		as soon as possible Spoken-Yes Please finish the report ASAP.
attn start learning		for the attention of used on letters and memos Spoken-No - say "attention" Attn: Sarah Jones.
approx. start learning		approximately Spoken-Sometimes, but usually say "approximately" Expecting approx. 300 people at the conference.
b. start learning		born spoken-No - say "born" Mozart (b. 1756)
bcc start learning		blind copy to comes from "blind carbon copy" spoken-Yes Can you please bcc human resources in the email?
c. start learning		around comes from Latin: circa spoken-No - say "circa" or "around" He was born c. 1750.
C. start learning		century spoken-No - say "century" 20thC.
cc start learning		copy to comes from "carbon copy" spoken-Yes Make sure you cc the boss.
CEO start learning		chief executive officer spoken-Yes New CEO hired
cf. start learning		compare comes from Latin: confer spoken-No - say "compared with" or "compare" Sales in the third quarter increased (cf. second quarter).
CFO start learning		chief financial officer spoken-Yes CFO on vacation till end of week
c/o start learning		care of used on addresses; sometimes c/- spoken-No - say "care of" Ralph Sawyer c/o Accounts
cont. start learning		continued also contd. spoken-No - say "continued" Contd. next week.
d. start learning		died spoken-No - say "died" Mozart (d. 1791)
dept start learning		department spoken-No - say "department" Send all communications to the publicity dept.
d.o.b. start learning		date of birth spoken-No - say "date of birth" Name: John Johanson D.O.B. 25-4-82
e.g. start learning		for example comes from Latin: exempli gratia spoken-Sometimes, but usually say "for example" Bring items required for presentation—e.g. laptop, product samples, etc
esp. start learning		especially spoken-No - say "especially" I miss Japanese food, esp. ramen and sushi!
est. start learning		established spoken-No - say "established" Starbucks (est. 1971) now has about 20,000 stores
ETA start learning		estimated time of arrival spoken english-yes ETA is 10.30am
et al. start learning		and others comes from Latin: et alia spoken-Yes Please see the report by Spencer et al.
etc. start learning		and so on from Latin: et cetera spoken-No - say "et cetera" The meeting covered the project schedule, budget, marketing plan etc.
fig. start learning		figure spoken-No - say "figure" ... as shown in fig. 3
fwd start learning		forward spoken-No - say "forward" Please fwd to Bill
HR start learning		human resources spoken-yes You'll need to talk to HR.
i.e. start learning		that is come from Latin: id est spoken-No - say "namely" or "that is to say" We visited both the old and new capitals of Japan i.e. Kyoto and Tokyo.
incl. start learning		includes/included spoken-No - say "included" or "includes" Batteries incl.
max. start learning		maximum spoken-Sometimes Max. temperature: 180°C
min. start learning		minimum spoken-No - say "minimum" Min. cost: $200 per person
misc. start learning		miscellaneous spoken-No - say "miscellaneous" Responsibilities include misc. office tasks
msg. start learning		message spoken-No - say "message" Caller: Dave from IT Msg: PC upgraded and new software installed
n/a start learning		not applicable/available used on forms when the requested information is not relevant also used when products are not available spoken-No - only used in writing Comes in three colours: - red - white - black n/a
N.B. start learning		it is important to notice comes from Latin: nota bene spoken-No - say "note" We are open 7 days a week. N.B. Closed Christmas Day and New Year's Day
no. start learning		number spoken-No - say "number" Beckham is no. 23
p., pp. start learning		page, pages spoken-No - say "page" or "pages" Turn to p. 7 for more information Marketing plan is on pp. 23 - 30
p.a. start learning		per year comes from Latin: per annum spoken-No - say "per annum" or "per year" His salary is more than $1m p.a.
pls start learning		please spoken-No - say "please" Pls call before 4.
PR start learning		public relations spoken-Yes She's in charge of PR.
p.s. start learning		postscript used before a phrase added at the end of a letter or email spoken-No - only used in writing Regards, Peter p.s. I'll be back to work on the 5th.
p.t.o. start learning		please turn over used at the bottom of a page to show there is something on the other side spoken-No - say "please turn over" or "please turn the page" For more information p.t.o.
qty. start learning		quantity spoken-No - say "quantity" Item number: 3847c Qty. 6
R&D start learning		research and development spoken-Yes He's been in R&D for about 7 years.
re start learning		with reference to spoken-Sometimes Call Morgan re Tuesday's appointment
RSVP start learning		please reply comes from French: répondez s'il vous plaît spoken-Yes RSVP by June 1st.
TBA start learning		to be advised also TBC — to be confirmed spoken-No - say "to be confirmed" or "not yet confirmed" Meeting on Wednesday, but time is TBC
vs. start learning		versus spoken-No - say "versus" or "against" We watched Japan vs. Australia

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