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basic literal ingredients of a given word: a bat: a winged mammal
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a set of mental imagas associated with a given word (highly personalized): a bat: Batman, terror, night
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How words or elements relate to each other in a sequence
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relationships between words or elements that can potentially occur in the same position
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Semantic features analysis start learning
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describing the meaning of words in terms of +/- semantic features:
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The law of non-contradiction start learning
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Nothing can be A and non-A. (at the same time in the same way)
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The law of excluded Middle start learning
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Something is either A or not A.
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the entity that performs an action: The man sounded the horn.
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the entity which is involved in or affected by an action The lawnmower cut the grass.
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the entity by which an action is carried out: He opened the tin with a knife.
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the entity which has a feeling, perception or state Are you satifsied?
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designates the position of an entity: Your mobile is on the table.
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designates where the entity moves from: He came yesterday from London.
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designates where the entity moves to: They flew from Glasgow to Warsaw.
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forms with opposite meanings:
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can be used in comparative contructions: fast/slow (faster slower more beautiful)
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Complementary pairs (non-gradable antonyms start learning
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cannot be used in comparative contructions, (nagation of one element in the pair necessarily implies the other) day/night
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imply the reverse action enter/exit
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more specific members of a category
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more general member of a category
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characteristic instances of a category: CARPENTER’S TOOL: hammer, saw, screwdriver FURNITURE: wardrobe, chest of drawers, table BIRDS: robin, dove, canary, sparrow (but not: ostrich, duck, penguin)
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: distinct forms (in writing) which by accident have the same pronunciation: bare/bear
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single forms (in speech and writing) which have two or more unrelated meanings: bat (flying mammal) – bat (used for sports):
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single forms (in speech and writing) which have two or more related meanings: head (of a person) – head (of a company) – head (of a pin)
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forms commonly used for other words based on proximity in everyday experience) CONTAINER FOR CONTENTS: He drank the whole bottle.
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forms commonly used for other words based on similarities between unrelated concepts
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