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Question		Answer
a priori knowledge start learning		preceding experience and observation; only by thinking about our way of observing events we can conclude that there is sth like causality; we give the meaning to those sequences by presupposing causality
synthetic a priori knowledge start learning		"all phenomena have a cause"; "the world as we observe is three dimensional"
induction problem start learning		the idea that only empirical data may count as good reasons for defending scientific claims
syllogism start learning		valid, deductive argument
deductive-nomological model of science start learning		we have a law from which we deduce our conclusions
induction start learning		going from particular observations to general claims in inductive reasoning one goes from a set of particular observed phenomena and draws a conclusion about a general law applicable to phenomena which have not been yet observed
correspondence model of truth start learning		a claim is true if it corresponds with reality
observational concept start learning		i.e. we can observe that apple is green
theoretical concept start learning		economical recession
What makes a theoretical concept for grasping non-observable phenomena into a good concept start learning		Robustness, Fit, Predictability
Robustness start learning		a concept should be usable in more than one context and it may mean that it will cover a set of phenomena
Fit start learning		claims that one makes using these concepts, should fit into a more general theory
Predictability start learning		using a particular concept, one should be able to make a trustworthy predictions about the occurrence of the phenomenon referred to nay the concept
Coherence Model of Truth start learning		there will always be many reason-giving considerations that support the truth of a particular claim
logical positivism start learning		knowledge should only be based on experience and observations; the main thesis of logical positivism is verificationism
verificationism start learning		only claims which can be verified through empirical observations can have any meaning, therefore can be true or false
metaphysics start learning		it is sth that we cannot verify through observations or sensory experience; something above physics that is driving everything; i.e. religion
3 grand epistemologies start learning		Rationalism, Empiricism, Idealism
Rationalism start learning		thinking is the basis for all knowledge; thinking is what crates knowledge; no empirical evidence
Empiricism start learning		all knowledge comes from observation; it lacks causality, no theory, we cannot predict; we cannot transfer data into knowledge cuz we lack structure
Idealism start learning		all knowledge comes from experience; the ability to structure experience is the idea; the problem is the question where these ideas come from
the linguistic turn start learning		rather than assuming that we have the ability to know before we experience anything we now have sth very powerful called logic to organise our experience
All possible statements start learning		logical nonsense, logical truth/analytical statements, metaphysics, empirical truth/synthetic statement
logical nonsense start learning		all statatemsnt that we know ain't true before experiencing them
logical truth/analytical statements start learning		we don't need to observe it cuz by definition it is true; "the bachelor is unmarried"
metaphysics start learning		knowledge that we cannot verify through observations
empirical truth/synthetic statement start learning		we can verify its truth through observations
synthetic statements start learning		truth of statement depends on a matter of fact; through observation; this circle has diameter of 10 meter
analytic statements start learning		truth of statement depends on the logical structure of a statement; logical analysis; this circle is round
logical reducibility start learning		for every statement in the system of knowledge for that statement to be true one should be able to use logical and through logic to go back to your individual experience
the unity of science ideal start learning		all knowledge should be able to put in a simple system
Problems in logical positivism start learning		theoretical concepts, problem of induction
Theoretical concepts - LP problems start learning		certain concepts cannot be reduced to observations alone; hence we employ intensional and extensional meanings of concepts
Intension start learning		conjuztion of general properties that together define a concept
extension start learning		the set of all real-life phenomena that together define the concept
reflective concepts start learning		mąkę up the properties of a concept; firm performance determine earnings and ROE
formative concepts start learning		made up of its respective properties; democracy can only be a democracy when there are free elections
pragmatic concession start learning		allowing both theoretical concepts may happen when they explain something that is not apparent from observation alone and the use of these concepts lead to the development of new knowledge to be tested
induction start learning		drawing general conclusions from a finite number of observations; new information can change the truth value of the conclusion
deduction start learning		drawing specific conclusions through referring to general rules; new information has no influence upon the truth value of the conclusion

POS Week 2

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