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Question		Answer
Protein start learning		A biological molecule made of amino acids and produced by ribosomes according to genetic instructions
Eukaryotic organism start learning		An organism whose cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Cytosol start learning		The aqueous part of the cytoplasm of a cell; the cytoplasm excluding organelles
Prokaryotic organism start learning		A single-celled organism whose nucleic acid is not contained in a membrane-bound nucleus
DNA start learning		Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions of an organism in a double helix of antiparallel strands
Nucleotides start learning		Organic molecules that are the building blocks of DNA; made of a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases
Double helix start learning		A pair of helices wound around a central axis; the shape of a DNA molecule
Nitrogenous base start learning		Nitrogen-containing molecule that forms part of the structure of a nucleotide
Leading strand start learning		The exposed strand of an unwound DNA molecule that runs in a 5' to 3' direction towards the replication fork
Lagging strand start learning		The exposed strand of an unwound DNA molecule that runs in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork
Daughter Cells start learning		The two cells produced after a parent cell undergoes cell division
DNA Helicase start learning		The enzyme responsible for breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases to unwind the DNA double helix into separate strands
DNA polymerase start learning		The enzyme responsible for matching and binding free-floating nucleotides to exposed nucleotides on unwound DNA strands
Free-floating nucleotides start learning		Nucleotides floating in the nucleoplasm or cytosol
Semi-conservative replication start learning		Replication of DNA resulting in two copies that each contain one of the original strands and one new strand
Sister chromatids start learning		The original and replicated chromosome joined by a centromere after DNA replication
Three-prime (3') end start learning		End of a nucleotide or DNA strand with the third carbon atom of the sugar molecule and a free hydroxyl group
Five-prime (5') end start learning		The end of a nucleotide or DNA strand with the fifth carbon atom of the sugar molecule and a free phosphate group
Replication fork start learning		The point of a DNA molecule where the helicase enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases and exposes the two strands of DNA
Mitosis start learning		The process by which cells replicate during growth in multicellular organisms and reproduction in unicellular organisms
Gametes start learning		Reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms (e.g. sperm and egg)
Alleles start learning		Different forms of a gene found at the same locus in the genome of a species
Haploid cell start learning		A cell containing one of each chromosome required for the development of a new individual through sexual reproduction
Meiosis start learning		The process by which haploid sperm and egg cells are made from a diploid parent cell
Diploid cell start learning		A cell in which there are two of each chromosome present in the nucleous
Parent cell start learning		A cell that undergoes replication and division to produce identical daughter cells in mitosis or haploid gametes in meiosis
Crossing over start learning		The transfer of genes between homologous chromosomes during meiosis
Cytokinesis start learning		The division of a parent cell into two daughter cells as part of meiotic division
Seminiferous Tubules start learning		Tubules located in the male testes, the site of spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium start learning		A diploid parent cell that produces haploid sperm cells through meiosis
Spermatogenesis start learning		The process of haploid sperm cell production in males
Spermatocytes start learning		Diploid daughter cells produced from spermatogonia through mitotic division in the first stage of meiosis
Spermatid start learning		Immature haploid sperm cells
Spermatozoa start learning		Mature, motile sperm cells capable of fertilising an ovum
Oogonia start learning		Diploid parent cells that produce haploid egg cells through meiosis
Oogenesis start learning		The process of haploid egg cell production in females
Primary oocyte start learning		Diploid daughter cells produced from oogonia through meiotic division in the first stage of meiosis
Secondary oocyte start learning		Immature haploid egg cells
Polar body start learning		Cells produced during meiotic division in females that don't develop into gametes
Ovulation start learning		The release of a mature egg from the ovaries in preparation for fertilisation by a sperm cell
Gene Expression start learning		The process of producing a functional protein from the DNA code of a gene
Genes start learning		Sections of DNA that code for proteins; inherited from parent to offspring
Codon start learning		Series of three bases on an mRNA strand that will match with the anticodons on a tRNA molecule to determine amino acid selection
Amino acid start learning		The molecular building blocks of proteins
Translation start learning		Reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to form a polypeptide chain from amino acids
Noncoding DNA start learning		A section of DNA that doesn't code for a protein
RNA start learning		(ribonucleic acid); a single-stranded molecule of genetic information essential for protein synthesis
Transcription start learning		The production of an mRNA molecule from an unwound DNA double helix to be used for protein synthesis
mRNA start learning		(Messenger RNA); single stranded copy of one strand of DNA; carries the code required by a ribosome to build a polypeptide chain from amino acids
Initiation start learning		The process where DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases and the replication fork is formed
Elongation start learning		The process where RNA polymerase moves along the exposed DNA strand, using it as a template to build an mRNA strand from free-floating nucleotides
Termination start learning		The process of completing and releasing an mRNA molecule triggered by the ribosome reading a stop codon
Transcription Bubble start learning		A region of unwound DNA approximately 12-14 base pairs in length, produced by DNA helicase breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs
Polypeptide chains start learning		A string of amino acids produced by a ribosome according to the genetic code provided by mRNA
Ribosomal Subunit start learning		One large and one small subunit molecule are required to assemble a functional ribosome for translation
tRNA start learning		(transfer RNA); A molecule that brings amino acids to a ribosome for translation and polypeptide production
Anticodon start learning		A sequence of three bases on a tRNA codon that correspond to an attached amino acid and matched an mRNA codon
Ribosome start learning		The organelle responsible for translation of the mRNA code into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis
Condensation polymerisation reaction start learning		The reaction between amino acids joining them by a peptide link while releasing a water molecule
Cytoplasm start learning		Cell contents not including the nucleus
Epigenome start learning		A range of chemical compounds that alter genetic function while leaving the genetic sequence unaltered
Germ line start learning		Cells that form gametes and pass on genetic information from parent to offspring
Non-disjunction start learning		The failure of chromatids to separate during meiosis, causing aneuploidy in a gamete
Spindle fibres start learning		Long tubular structures produced by centrioles to attach to centromeres of chromosomes for separation in mitosis and meiosis
Aneuploidy start learning		The condition of a gamete that has an abnormal number of chromosomes
Karyotype start learning		An image of every chromosome of an organism, arranged to allow for comparison between chromosomes
Chromosome start learning		A structure of the cell nucleus containing DNA wound around histone proteins
Homologous pairs start learning		Corresponding chromosomes of the same shape in an individual produced through sexual reproduction; one of the chromosomes in the pair is inherited from the organism's father and the other from the organism's mother
Centromere start learning		The location on a chromosome where sister chromatids adjoin and spindle fibres attach to separate chromatids during cell division
Dominant Allele start learning		An allele that will be expressed phenotypically when paired with a recessive allele or another dominant allele
Recessive allele start learning		An allele that will be suppressed when paired with a dominant allele and will be expressed phenotypically when paired with another recessive allele
Genotype start learning		The combination of alleles for a particular trait present in an organism that determines its phenotype for that trait
Phenotype start learning		The trait expressed in an organism determined by its genotype
Punnett square start learning		A diagram used to predict likely percentages of genotype and phenotype of offspring based on the genotype of each parent
Autosomes start learning		Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Autosomal dominance start learning		Dominance exhibited by any chromosome other than a sex chromosome causing traits or conditions to be expressed in the phenotype of an organism
Multiple Alleles start learning		Phenotypic traits controlled by more than two alleles
Recombinant DNA start learning		A DNA strand containing a genetic sequence artificially inserted in a laboratory
Target gene start learning		The gene that codes for the desired protein to be transferred between organisms
Donor organism start learning		The organism a target gene is removed from
Vector organism start learning		The organism that received the target gene into its genome to be expressed as a protein
Restriction enzyme start learning		An enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases at a particular sequence, leaving sticky ends
Recognition site start learning		The sequence of bases recognised by a restriction enzyme as the location to break hydrogen bonds and expose sticky ends
Sticky end start learning		The bases of a DNA molecule exposed when a restriction enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between bases at a recognition site
Plasmid start learning		A circular molecule of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria
PCR start learning		(Polymerase chain reaction); a technique that amplifies a short sequence of DNA
Gel electrophoresis start learning		A method of separating DNA or other biological molecules according to their molecular size
Evolution start learning		Changes in the phenotype of a species in response to selection pressures
Microevolution start learning		Changes in allele frequency across a population of a species
Macroevolution start learning		The accumulation of microevolutionary changes leading to long-term changes to a species, potentially leading to the emergence of one or more new species
Allele Frequency start learning		The number of times an allele appears in a population when compared with all other possible alleles for a trait
Bipedalism start learning		The ability of an animal to walk upright on two legs
Cranial capacity start learning		The volume of the skull; used as an indicator of brain size
Random mutations start learning		A change in the DNA sequence of an individual caused by random errors that occur during the DNA replication process
Homozygote start learning		An organism carrying two of the same allele for a trait, whether they be dominant or recessive
Heterozygote start learning		An organism carrying a combination of a dominant and a recessive allele for a trait, with the dominant phenotype expressed

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