→ LESSON 12 GERUND OR TO INFINITIVE → Start Learning / Download MP3 Flashcards

Question		Answer
Gerund after PREPOSITIONS start learning		I'm tired of running.
Gerund after CERTAIN VERBS: like, love, hate, enjoy, mind, finish, stop start learning		I enjoy seeing you.
Gerund as the SUBJECT of a sentence start learning		Smoking is a pleasure.
TO+INFINITIVE After ADJECTIVES start learning		This problem is difficult to solve.
TO+INFINITIVE After CERTAIN VERBS: would like, want, need, decide, hope, expect, plan, forget, seem, try, promise, offer, refuse, learn, manage. start learning		I would like to escape.
TO+INFINITIVE To express PURPOSE/REASON start learning		I'm chasing this guy to earn my bread and butter.
Stop! I'm tired of running. start learning		This is a difficult situation to solve. I enjoy seeing you tired, but I would also like to escape.
USUALLY: FOR CURRENT HABITS Melissa, a good English teacher, usually makes students repeat sentences correctly. This usually bothers Meritxell, her student, a little. start learning		subject + USUALLY + verb Melissa, a good English teacher, usually makes students repeat sentences correctly. This usually bothers Meritxell, her student, a little.
USED TO: FOR PAST HABITS OR PAST SITUATIONS THAT HAVE CHANGED Meritxell used to take drugs, but now she doesn't even smoke. start learning		subject + USED TO + infinitive Meritxell used to take drugs, but now she doesn't even smoke.
BE USED TO: FOR A NEW SITUATION THAT YOU ARE ALREADY ACCUSTOMED TO Melissa is used to craving food all the time since she quit smoking. craving a very strong desire for something: a craving for chocolate start learning		subject + BE USED TO + gerund or noun Melissa is used to craving food all the time since she quit smoking.
GET USED TO: FOR SOMETHING THAT IS BECOMING FAMILIAR TO YOU OR TO WHICH YOU ARE ADAPTING. Melissa and Meritxell haven't gotten used to living without addictions. start learning		subject + GET USED TO + gerund or noun
Repeat after me: I used to take drugs. start learning		I used to take drugs.
WISHES start learning		I wish you were here. I wish we were lying in bed together. You can use "were" for I/he/she/it.
WISH is commonly used start learning		to express regret or in reference to unreal situations.
Wishes for the PRESENT and FUTURE start learning		Use PAST SIMPLE or PAST CONTINUOUS
Use PAST SIMPLE He wishes she were here. start learning		to express when you would like a situation to be different. He wishes she were here.
Use PAST CONTINUOUS He wishes they were lying on the bed. start learning		to express when you would like to be doing something different. He wishes they were lying on the bed.
Wishes for the PAST I wish you would stop laughing at me. Now I wish you hadn't come over. start learning		Use PAST PERFECT I wish you would stop laughing at me. Now I wish you hadn't come over.
Use PAST PERFECT He wishes she handn't come over. start learning		to express regret or when you would like a situation to be different.
To COMPLAIN or express IMPATIENCE start learning		Use WOULD+VERB or COULD+VERB
Use WOULD+VERB start learning		He wishes she would stop laughing.
Use COULD+VERB start learning		He wishes he could make her disappear.
You can use SUBJECT+WISH+PRONOUN in fixed expressions: start learning		I wish you the best.
RATHER at The Museum of Modern Art start learning		I would rather shoot myself than wait in line with all these snobs.
Look and learn! You have to be an alternative artist. start learning		Oh Daddy! I would rather just be a waitress.
RATHER is used start learning		to express PREFERENCE
RATHER THAN He is a sex maniac rather than an art enthusiastic start learning		means "instead of" or "and not". Normally used to compare parallel structures.
WOULD RATHER ... THAN start learning		means "would prefer to...
WOULD RATHER ... THAN is used to show preference between options. Elvis would rather be the center of attention than be just like everybody else. start learning		SUBJECT+WOULD RATHER+INFINITIVE without to+OPTION 1+THAN+OPTION 2 Elvis would rather be the center of attention than be just like everybody else.
WOULD RATHER start learning		means "would prefer"
WOULD RATHER is used to show preference for one option over another. -Hey, Jeff! Let's get out of here! -I'd rather stay here. start learning		SUBJECT+WOULD RATHER+INFINITIVE without to+OPTION -Hey, Jeff! Let's get out of here! -I'd rather stay here.
OR RATHER She is distracted, or rather, she is pretending to be distracted. start learning		Used to change what it is just said. She is distracted, or rather, she is pretending to be distracted.
RATHER Marilyn had a rather tender look. start learning		is also an adverb of degree. It means "quite". Marilyn had a rather tender look.
Connectors start learning		Connectors, also called linking words or linkers, indicate the relationship between ideas.
The last clue drove Harry to the wood house on top of the montain. Maybe this would be the telltale clue. The weather was very bad and, (?), the car lights start learning		The last clue drove Harry to the wood house on top of the montain. Maybe this would be the telltale clue. The weather was very bad and, in addition, the car lights
the car lights didn't work (?) they had been shout out a couple of hours earlier. start learning		the car lights didn't work because they had been shout out a couple of hours earlier.
(?) all this, Harry managed to get to the place and get out of the car unnoticed. start learning		Despite all this, Harry managed to get to the place and get out of the car unnoticed.
The lights of the house were on (?) Harry carefully crawled through the bushes until he reached the window. start learning		The lights of the house were on so Harry carefully crawled through the bushes until he reached the window.
There he saw Elisabeth crying. (?), a shiver came over his body. start learning		There he saw Elisabeth crying. Suddenly, a shiver came over his body.
(?) crying, start learning		Instead of crying,
Elisabeth was actually laughing (?) looking directly into Harry's eyes start learning		Elisabeth was actually laughing and looking directly into Harry's eyes
(?) holding the gun. start learning		while holding the gun.
Type of connectors start learning		by meaning
GIVING EXAMPLES start learning		for example (e.g.), for instance, such as
INTRODUCING A TOPIC start learning		with regard to, regarding, concerning, by the way
ADDING INFORMATION start learning		and, also, too, as well as, in addition, apart from, besides, furthermore, moreover, then again
SUMMARIZING start learning		in short, in brief, in summary, to conclude, in conclusion
GIVING REASON start learning		because, because of, for, since, as, due to, owing to
INTRODUCING DEVELOPMENTS start learning		so, consequently, as a result, therefore, thus, hence
REFLECTING CONTRAST start learning		but, however, although, even though, though, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, nonetheless, while, whereas, unlike, on the other hand, anyway
SEQUENCING IDEAS start learning		firstly, secondly, thirdly, to begin with, next, lastly, finaly
DURING THE NARRATIVE start learning		at the beginning, then, at last, once, afterwards, suddenly, finally, in the end
EMPHASIZING start learning		obviously, particularly, in theory, in fact, especially
SHOWING CERTAINTY start learning		surely, indeed, undoubtedly, certainly, even so
Relative Clauses start learning		A relative clause is a dependent clause that mofifies a word, phrase or idea in the main clause.
A relative clause begins with a start learning		RELATIVE PRONOUN WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT or WHITCH The type of clause determines which relative pronoun to use. (in certain situations, WHAT, WHEN and WHERE can function as relative pronouns)
There are two types of relative clauses: start learning		NON-DEFINING CLAUSES and DEFINING CLAUSES
Defining Clauses start learning		The information contained in defining clauses is ESSENTIAL. When deleted, it's nor clear who or what is being talked about. This type of clause is NOT separated by a COMMA.
In this type of clause the relative pronouns used are: The woman who is pushing a stroller is her heroine start learning		For people: WHO, THAT (and WHOM followed by a preposition). For things: WHICH, THAT stroller: a chair on wheels in which a small child can be pushed along SYN buggy British English
Non-defining Clauses start learning		In non-defining clauses the information is NOT ESSENTIAL. When deleted, it's still clear who or what is being talked about. This type of clause is separated by a COMMA from the main clause.
In this type of clause the relative pronouns used are: Exercise, which is supposed to be good for your health, is killing her. start learning		For people: WHO (and WHOM, WHOSE) For things: WHICH (and WHOSE)
ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICES start learning		There are two voices in English: the active and the passive
The ACTIVE VOICE The dog bit Julianne's leg. start learning		describes what the subject does. The dog bit Julianne's leg.
The PASSIVE VOICE Julianne's leg was bitten by some dog. start learning		describes what is done to the subject. It's usually used when we don't know or are not interested in who performs the action. Julianne's leg was bitten by some dog.
The passive voice is formed with: start learning		TO BE+PAST PARTICIPLE is made...
It can also be formed by: start learning		TO GET+PAST PARTICIPLE got broken...
All the verb tenses can be expressed in passive voice. start learning		The concert will be performed next week. The concert has been performed already.
BY is used start learning		to show the person or thing doing the action. The painting was made by a monkey.
I would like him to be eaten too. start learning		The pigeons are eating a worm. Worms are eaten every day all over the world.
Reported Speech start learning		I need a friend ASAP. She said she needed a friend ASAP. ASAP the abbreviation of as soon as possible
There are two ways to repeat what another person said: start learning		DIRECT SPEECH and REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH start learning		uses exact words in quotation marks. She said "I need a friend".
REPORTED SPEECH start learning		is indirect. She said she needed a friend.
Reported speech uses start learning		the past form of direct speech.
I need a friend. start learning		She said she needed a friend.
I'm feeling alone. start learning		She said she was feeling alone.
I've spent all Sundays watching TV. start learning		She said she had spent all Sunday watching TV.
I will go to bed early. start learning		She said she would go to bed early.
When direct speech uses a past form, start learning		reported speech doesn't change.
I was afraid. start learning		She said she was afraid.
I was looking for a better life. start learning		She said she was looking for a better life.

LESSON 12 GERUND OR TO INFINITIVE

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