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Geolf Leech's politeness princible is about being nice in conversations.
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you try to make everyone agree
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be selfless; minimize personal gain and maximize personal sacrifice
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Foster goodwill; maximize empathy
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1) not all of the maxims are equally important (eg. approbation is more important than modesty). 2) People might follow multiple politeness rules together. 3) If someone doesn't express politeness, it problably means they're not thinking about being polite
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1) Face (as in "lose face") refers to speaker's sense of linguistic and social identity. Any speech act may impose a threat in this sense and is therefore face threatening. 2) "Face" is about how we see ourselves when we talk. Talking can sometimes make us oncomfortable, so people have ways to make it less awkward
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Brown and Lavinson's politeness theory defines politeness as actions taken to offset the impact of face-threatening acts, disrupting social harmony. These theories view communication as potentially risky, representing the public self-image everyone wants. Face has two aspects and their approach is considered robust as it links politeness to fundamental human concepts, distinguishing it from other theories like Leech's
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1) Negative face (independence) - wanting your actions not to be inhabited by others. 2) Positive face (belonging) - the positive consistent self-image that poeple have and their desire to be appreciated and approved of by tat least some other people
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in everyday conversation, we adapt our conversation to different situations. Among friends we say things that would appear out of place among strangers. And we avoid over-formality with friends. FTAs are acts that infringe on the hearer's need to maintain his/her self-esteem and be respected
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The bald on-record strategy start learning
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does nothing to minimize threats to the hearer's "face"
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the positive politeness stratego start learning
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shows you recognize that your hearer has a desire to be respected
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the negative politeness strategy start learning
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also recognizes the hearer's face but it also recognizes that you are in some way imposing on them. by saying f. g "I don't want to bother you but..."
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Off-record indirect strategies start learning
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take some of the pressure off of you. You dont ask for a beer, you wait until the hearer sees that you want one and offers it to you
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When we communicate, we assume things about the other person and what image they want us to have of them. How we talk depends on how we perceive our relationship. People often make assumptions which change over time
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