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A complete set of inflectional forms of a single lexeme.
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Identifying specific lines of descent within a language family.
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Using an unrelated word as a form of a verb, e.g., "went" for "go."
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Synonymous defective lexemes, never in functional competition.
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What are shared retentions? start learning
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Traits kept from the ancestor, not useful for subgrouping.
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How can child learner errors contribute to language change? start learning
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Innovation survives correction, spreads socially, and is copied.
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Who are trendsetters in language change? start learning
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Most often young, teenage girls/women.
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Creating simpler words from complex ones, e.g., "donate" from "donation."
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What are potential sources of language change? start learning
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Language contact, deliberate manipulation, generational transmission.
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Inflection of nouns/pronouns/adjectives for case, number, gender.
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Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, Locative, Vocative.
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Inflection of verbs for person, number, tense, mood.
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What is an inflectional class? start learning
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A group of words following the same inflectional pattern.
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The inflectional class used for new or uncertain words, e.g., English -s plural.
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How was English influenced by French? start learning
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Borrowed words like "-able" suffix, later used in new English words.
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How was English influenced by Norse? start learning
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Words like "they," simplified word order, verb endings in -s.
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When did The Great Vowel Shift happen? start learning
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Between the late 14th and early 18th centuries.
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What key changes happened during The Great Vowel Shift? start learning
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Long vowels moved higher, chain shift, and diphthongization.
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When did Grimm's Law changes occur? start learning
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In the Proto-Germanic period (1000–500 BCE).
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What is Grimm's Law about? start learning
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A three-phase consonant shift in Proto-Germanic.
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What happened in Grimm's Law first phase? start learning
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PIE voiceless stops (p, t, k) became voiceless fricatives (f, þ, h).
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What happened in Grimm's Law second phase? start learning
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PIE voiced stops (b, d, g) became voiceless stops (p, t, k).
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What happened in Grimm's Law third phase? start learning
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PIE voiced aspirated stops (bʰ, dʰ, gʰ) became voiced stops (b, d, g).
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What is Verner's Law about? start learning
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Voiceless fricatives (f, þ, h, s) became voiced (v, ð, g, z) after unstressed syllables in Proto-Germanic.
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