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Question		Answer
Biodiversity start learning		Diversity of life; the number, variety, and variation of genes, species and ecosystems on Earth.
Organism start learning		An individual life form
Species start learning		A group of individuals belonging to the same lowest taxonomic unit, capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring
Ecosystem start learning		Communities of organisms interacting with their physical and biological environment
Habitat start learning		A specific location with a particular set of biotic and abiotic conditions; where an organism generally lives
Species diversity start learning		A measure of the number and abundance of species in a community
Adaptation start learning		A feature of an organism that enhances its ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
Abiotic factors start learning		Non-living physical factors that influence organisms and ecosystems
Biotic factors start learning		The living components in the environment that influence organisms and ecosystems
Ecosystem Diversity start learning		A measure of the variety of different habitats, communities and ecological processes within a geographical location
Species richness start learning		A measure of the numbers of species present and the evenness of species in relation to one another
Species evenness start learning		The difference in the distribution of the total abundance between the species in a community
Community start learning		All the species that occupy a particular place at a given time
Percentage cover start learning		The percentage of a sample area covered by a target species
Percentage frequency start learning		A measure of how often a species occurs in samples
Quadrat start learning		A square frame used to isolate a standard unit of area so the distribution of a plant or animal can be studied
Population start learning		The number of individuals of a species living in a particular place at a particular time
Relative Abundance start learning		A measure of how common or rare a species is in relation to other species within a community
Simpson's Diversity Index (SDI) start learning		A measure of diversity that takes into account both species richness and evenness (0 to 1 - closer to 1 means more diverse)
Predator start learning		An organism that hunts, kills and eats another organism
Prey start learning		An organism hunted and killed by a predator
Intraspecific competition start learning		Competition between two or more individuals of the same species for resources
Interspecific competition start learning		Competition between two or more individuals of different species for resources
Competition start learning		Rivalry between individuals, of the same or different species, for a limited resource
Symbiosis start learning		A relationship in which two organisms live in close association over a long period of time
Symbiont start learning		An organism living in a symbiotic relationship with another organism
Disease start learning		A condition that negatively affects the function of an individual that isn't caused directly by injury
Population density start learning		A measure of the number of individuals living in a determined unit of area
Mortality start learning		The ratio of total deaths to the total population of a species
Tolerance range start learning		The range of a particular abiotic factor within which an organism can survive
Substrate start learning		A surface on which an organism can grow
Distribution start learning		Regions in which a species is found
Abundance start learning		The number of individuals of a particular species in a specific area at a given time
Evenly spaced distribution start learning		A type of distribution where individuals are more or less equally spaced throughout an area
Random distribution start learning		A type of distribution where individuals are spaced randomly in no distinguishable pattern throughout an area
Clumped distribution start learning		A type of distribution where individuals are found clustered in groups in particular parts of an area
Salinity start learning		The dissolved salt content of water
Brackish start learning		Slightly salty water; often found where seawater and freshwater mix
Osmosis start learning		The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane
Asexual reproduction start learning		The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent
Sexual reproduction start learning		The production of offspring that has genetic material from two parents
Cladistics start learning		A method of grouping organisms that uses evolutionary lines of descent rather than structural similarities
Clade start learning		A group of organisms that are believed to comprise a common ancestor and all of its evolutionary descendants
Linnaean classification start learning		A hierarchical classification system based on physical characteristics
Hierarchical taxa start learning		Groups of organisms classified into a taxon and arranged in order of rank
Clones start learning		Offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
r - strategists start learning		A species that occupy unstable environments and uses the evolutionary strategy of maintaining high growth rates, occupying less-crowded ecological niches and producing many offspring
K - strategists start learning		A species whose population fluctuates at or near the carrying capacity (K) or the environment in which it resides
Bioinformatics start learning		Collection and analysis of DNA using computers
Molecular sequencing start learning		The comparison of genetic information between organisms to determine evolutionary relatedness
Phylogenetic tree start learning		A diagram that represents evolutionary relatedness between organisms
DNA sequencing start learning		The process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule
Evolutionary Relatedness start learning		How closely two species are related by a common ancestor; species sharing more recent common ancestors are more closely related than those with less recent common ancestors
Common ancestor start learning		The most recent species from which two or more organisms are descended; an ancestor that two species have in common
Cladogram start learning		A branching diagram showing the evolutionary relatedness of a number of species
DNA sequence start learning		The order of nucleotide bases that make up a section of DNA
Mutation start learning		A small permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism
Genome start learning		The complete set of genetic information of an organism
Bifurcation start learning		The division of a species into two species through divergent evolution
Hybrid start learning		The offspring of parents of different species
Classification start learning		The arrangement of living organisms or ecosystems into groups sharing similar characteristics
Climate start learning		Long-term average weather patterns specific to a geographical area
Terrestrial start learning		Relating to land, as opposed to aquatic (refers to water)
Stratified sampling start learning		The division of the physical environment into smaller components for sampling
Zonation start learning		The breaking of the biome into habitat zones
Transect start learning		A measured length or strip of terrain in an environment along which individual organisms or environmental parameters are measured and recorded
Unbiased data start learning		Data collected without influence or preference or prejudice of an external source
Error start learning		The difference between an observed value and a true value results in the inaccuracy of results
Line intercept start learning		A sampling technique used to estimate relative densities of a species by counting the number of individuals that lie on a straight line cutting through the community
Belt transect start learning		An elongated area of known length and width through a particular environment in which specific community parameters are measured and recorded
Succession start learning		The process of the diversity and populations of a community changing over time
Randomised Sampling start learning		A method of selecting a sample from a total array in such a way that every possible sample that could be selected has an equal chance of being selected
Mitochondria start learning		An organelle found in most living cells that facilitates energy production known as cellular respiration
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) start learning		A biological molecule used by living cells for energy
Cellular respiration start learning		A metabolic reaction occurring in most living cells that release energy for movement, growth and other biological functions
Energy transfer start learning		The movement of energy from one object or system to another (a chimp pushes another chimp)
Energy transformation start learning		The change from one form of energy into another (light into chemical energy)
Trophic level start learning		A hierarchical level in an ecosystem containing organisms that have the same feeding function in the food chain
Autotroph start learning		Also called a producer; an organism that can produce its own food from inorganic molecules using chemical energy or light energy from the sun
Photosynthesis start learning		Conversion of light energy into chemical energy by photosynthetic organisms such as phytoplankton or plants
Food chain start learning		A flowchart showing feeding relationships between organisms
Trophic start learning		Relating to the consumption of food and nutrients
Consumer start learning		An organism that cannot produce its own food so needs to eat other organisms to obtain energy
Food web start learning		A flowchart showing complex feeding relationships between several interlinking food chains
Organic start learning		Relating to living matter
Inorganic start learning		Relating to molecules or structures that aren't part of a living organism
Carbon start learning		An element essential for many structures and processes in living organisms
Nitrogen start learning		An element required to produce many biological molecules, particularly in plants
Water start learning		A molecule essential for numerous biological processes in living organisms
Metabolic reaction start learning		A chemical reaction that helps to maintain the biological function of an organism
Carbon Sink start learning		A large area of vegetation, water or another naturally forming environment able to absorb and store atmospheric carbon dioxide
Nitrogen Fixation start learning		Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrate by bacteria and cyanobacteria
Ecological niche start learning		The role and position of a species in its environment; interactions of a species with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment
Fundamental niche start learning		The range of environmental factors a species can occupy without consideration for population limiting factors
Realised niche start learning		The part of a fundamental niche a species occupies due to population limiting factors
Competitive exclusion start learning		The exclusion of a species from a community by another organism better adapted to that particular ecological niche
Keystone species start learning		A species that has a disproportionately large effect on the community in which it lives
Interspecific relationship start learning		A relationship or interaction between different species within a community
Carrying capacity start learning		The number of individuals of a species able to be supported by its habitat
Population limiting factor start learning		Any biotic/abiotic factor that limits the continued growth of a population of a species
Exponential growth start learning		Reproductive rate is maintained and the population continues to grow limited by resources
Immigration start learning		The permanent movement of an individual or population of a species into a community
Emigration start learning		The permanent movement of an individual or population of a species out of a community
Population change formula start learning		(Births (B) - deaths (D))+ (Immigration (I) - Emigration (E))
Lincoln Index start learning		The Lincoln Index allows conservationists to estimate population sizes of individual animal species. Individuals are captured, marked, released back into the population and recaptured.
Primary succession start learning		Development and change in plant communities over time, eventually leading from bare ground to a climax community
Secondary succession start learning		Successive, natural changes in plant communities in an area where a previous community has been removed
Pioneer species start learning		The first species to colonise an area during primary succession
Climax community start learning		A more or less stable plant community
Pioneer community start learning		A new community forming on a previously barren landscape, composed of pioneer species
Sere start learning		An intermediate community observed during ecological succession in an ecosystem advancing towards climax community
Ecological disturbance start learning		A temporary change in an ecosystem that causes a significant change in the behaviour, growth and survival of organisms
Symbiotic relationship start learning		An evolved interaction or close living relationship between organisms from different species, usually with benefits to one or both of the individuals involved

Bio unit 3

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