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noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: responsibility, answerability, transparency, liability, integrity • ensure/promote/increase accountability; financial/political/public accountability; accountability to someone/for something • freq in AmE: 9/10 Political leaders must show accountability to the people. | 2. Transparency and accountability are vital in public administration. start learning
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odpowiedzialność; rozliczalność; obowiązek wyjaśniania swoich działań the state or fact of being responsible for decisions or actions and having to explain or justify them to others Przywódcy polityczni muszą wykazywać się odpowiedzialnością wobec obywateli. | 2. Przejrzystość i odpowiedzialność są kluczowe w administracji publicznej.
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noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: supporter, proponent • human rights advocate; advocate for/against something; passionate advocate of something • freq in AmE: 7/10 • as a noun: /ˈæd. və. kət/; as a verb: /ˈæd. və. keɪt/ — stress and final syllable differ She’s a passionate advocate for mental health awareness. start learning
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zwolennik, rzecznik, obrońca a person who publicly supports or defends a particular cause, idea, or group; often used in political, social, legal, or ethical contexts Jest zagorzałą zwolenniczką świadomości zdrowia psychicznego.
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collocation with advocate noun [C ] C1 • staunch advocate of something; become/remain a staunch advocate; staunch advocate for something • freq in AmE: 6/10 • Note ‼ as a noun: /ˈæd. və. kət/; as a verb: /ˈæd. və. keɪt/ — stress and final syllable differ Many staunch advocates of free speech oppose censorship in any form. start learning
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zagorzały zwolennik, oddany rzecznik a person who is deeply committed to a cause, idea, or group and defends it with unwavering loyalty and conviction; often used in political, ethical, or social contexts to emphasize passionate support Wielu zagorzałych zwolenników wolności słowa sprzeciwia się wszelkiej cenzurze.
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noun [C or U ] C2 literary/philosophical • synonyms: parable, symbol, metaphorical narrative • political/spiritual allegory; allegory of vanity/transformation; allegorical meaning/story/image • freq in AmE: 5/10 George Orwell’s Animal Farm is a political allegory about totalitarianism. | 2. Her novel functions as an allegory of personal transformation. start learning
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alegoria (opowieść, obraz lub struktura symboliczna, w której elementy reprezentują idee, wartości lub przesłania moralne) a narrative, image, or symbolic system in which characters, events, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities; often used to convey deeper philosophical, political, or spiritual meanings beneath the surface story „Folwark zwierzęcy” Orwella to alegoria totalitaryzmu. | 2. Jej powieść działa jako alegoria przemiany wewnętrznej.
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noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: friendliness, warmth, kindness • natural amiability / display amiability / his amiability never faltered • freq in AmE: 4/10 The host’s amiability set the tone for a joyful evening. start learning
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uprzejmość, życzliwość, serdeczność the quality of being friendly, pleasant, and likable; a disposition marked by kindness and warmth Serdeczność gospodarza nadała wieczorowi radosny ton.
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noun [U ] C2 formal (also ascendency) • synonyms: dominance, control, supremacy • political/religious ascendancy; gain/maintain/lose ascendancy over • freq in AmE: 5/10 The party’s ascendancy reshaped the country’s political landscape. | 2. Her intellectual ascendancy over the group was undeniable. start learning
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panowanie, władza, przewaga a position of dominant power, influence, or control over others; often implies a gradual rise to authority or supremacy in political, social, or ideological contexts Panowanie tej partii zmieniło krajobraz polityczny kraju. | 2. Jej intelektualna dominacja nad grupą była niezaprzeczalna.
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collocation with affinity noun [C or U ] C2 (also affinity with something) • synonyms: liking, attraction, connection • affinity toward something; strong/genuine/natural affinity for something • affinity for music/solitude/creativity • freq in AmE: 4/10 She has a strong affinity for classical music. start learning
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pociąg do czegoś, upodobanie do czegoś, naturalna skłonność do czegoś a natural liking, attraction, or sympathy toward a person, idea, activity, or quality — often instinctive or emotionally resonant Ma wielkie zamiłowanie do muzyki klasycznej.
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noun [C or U ] C2 • synonyms: liking, connection, kinship • affinity for/with someone/something; strong/genuine/natural affinity; emotional/cultural/genetic affinity • freq in AmE: 4/10 She has an affinity for languages and learns them quickly. | 2. There’s a clear affinity between the two artistic styles. start learning
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pociąg, upodobanie, pokrewieństwo, powinowactwo a natural connection, attraction, or sympathy toward someone or something; also, a resemblance or relationship based on shared qualities or origin Ma naturalny pociąg do języków. | 2. Między tymi stylami artystycznymi widać wyraźne powinowactwo.
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noun [plural ] C2 • synonyms: 2000s, early 21st century, millennial decade • the aughts: fashion/music/tech/culture; aughts nostalgia/trends/revival; metaphor: aughts as digital adolescence • freq in AmE: 4/10 The aughts saw the rise of social media and reality TV. start learning
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lata dwutysięczne, pierwsza dekada XXI wieku the decade from 2000 to 2009, often referred to in cultural, historical, or stylistic contexts; derived from “aught” meaning zero — thus “the aughts” = the years with two zeros (e.g., 2001, 2005) Lata 2000–2009 to czas narodzin mediów społecznościowych i telewizji reality.
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collocation with adage noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: proverb, saying, maxim • the old adage goes.../says.../reminds us...; quote/live by/repeat an old adage; timeless/familiar/wisdom-filled adage • freq in AmE: 5/10 The old adage “actions speak louder than words” still holds true. | 2. As the old adage goes, “you reap what you sow.” start learning
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stare przysłowie, znana maksyma a well-known and often repeated saying that expresses a general truth, principle, or piece of wisdom; typically traditional and passed down over time Stare powiedzenie „czyny mówią więcej niż słowa” nadal jest aktualne. | 2. Jak głosi znana maksyma: „kto sieje wiatr, zbiera burzę”.
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noun [C ] formal • synonyms: atrocity, disgrace, horror • moral/religious/cultural abomination; denounce/regard something as abomination; utter/pure/unspeakable abomination • freq in AmE: 4/10 The dictator’s cruelty was an abomination to the world. | 2. The film portrayed war as a human abomination. start learning
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odraza, obrzydliwość, ohyda something that causes intense hatred, disgust, or moral outrage; often used to describe acts, ideas, or entities considered deeply offensive or repulsive Okrucieństwo dyktatora było obrzydliwością dla świata. | 2. Film ukazywał wojnę jako ludzką zgrozę.
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noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: forebear, predecessor, originator • honor ancestors; trace ancestry; ancestor of a tradition/species/machine; ancient ancestor, cultural ancestor • freq in AmE: 5/10 The ancient carvings were made to honor tribal ancestors. | 2. This early computer is the ancestor of today’s smartphones. start learning
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a person from whom one is descended, typically more distant than a grandparent; metaphorically, a predecessor or originator in a lineage, tradition, or system Starożytne rzeźby powstały, by uczcić plemiennych przodków. | 2. Ten wczesny komputer to przodek współczesnych smartfonów.
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noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: infidelity, betrayal, affair • commit/conceal/forgive adultery • freq in AmE: 5/10 The novel explores the emotional aftermath of adultery. start learning
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cudzołóstwo, zdrada małżeńska voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and someone who is not their spouse; considered a breach of marital fidelity Powieść bada emocjonalne skutki zdrady małżeńskiej.
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noun [C or U ] C2 formal/legal • synonyms: certification, confirmation, verification • attestation of identity/employment/diagnosis; signed attestation; attestation form; witness attestation • freq in AmE: 6/10 You must submit an attestation of employment with your application. | 2. The doctor provided a medical attestation confirming the diagnosis. start learning
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poświadczenie, zaświadczenie, potwierdzenie a formal declaration that something is true or authentic — often involving written confirmation, certification, or witness testimony Musisz dołączyć zaświadczenie o zatrudnieniu do wniosku. | 2. Lekarz wystawił zaświadczenie medyczne potwierdzające diagnozę.
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noun [U ] C1 US (UK also four-wheel drive also 4x4; written abbreviation 4WD) • synonyms: AWD, full-time 4WD • all-wheel drive system/vehicle/SUV; equipped with/offers AWD; AWD and safety/performance/control • freq in AmE: 6/10 This SUV comes standard with all-wheel drive for better traction in snow. start learning
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napęd na wszystkie koła (AWD) a drivetrain system in which power is delivered to all four wheels of a vehicle simultaneously or as needed, improving traction and control Ten SUV ma standardowy napęd na wszystkie koła, co poprawia przyczepność na śniegu.
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