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Read the text about how trends spread. What is the main idea of the text? start learning
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Main idea: that the best way to explain a trend is as something that spreads like an epidemic or virus.
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start learning
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and find the words that complete the phrases in bold.
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When trends suddenly become popular, they take (?) start learning
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When trends suddenly become popular, they take off. take off: Increase fast in success/popularity
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When a product goes out of fashion, it has lost its (?). start learning
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When a product goes out of fashion, it has lost its appeal.
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One way that fashions spread is they capture the (?). start learning
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One way that fashions spread is they capture the imagination. they capture the imagination
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When people identify with something, it strikes a (?) people identify with something start learning
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When people identify with something, it strikes a chord.
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When a product or trend is suddenly popular, we say it become the latest (?) start learning
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When a product or trend is suddenly popular, we say it become the latest thing. it becomes the latest thing (can also say craze)
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When something is popular for just a short time, we say it's just a passing (?) popular for just a short time start learning
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When something is popular for just a short time, we say it's just a passing trend/fad. it's just passing trend (can also say fad)
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When there is more of something now than before, we say the number has (?) there is more of something now than before start learning
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When there is more of something now than before, we say the number has risen.
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When something becomes trendy because people tell each other about it, it spreads by word of (?) something becomes trendy because people tell each other about it start learning
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When something becomes trendy because people tell each other about it, it spreads by word of mouth. it spreads by word of mouth
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Listen to people describing how two trends started start learning
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and answer the questions.
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What trends do they talk about? start learning
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wearing trousers below the hip, and showing underwear; reality TV shows
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How did the trends started? A trend that started in prison a few years ago, may as well earn you a place in prison nowadays. Now isn't that ironic? start learning
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in US prisons, because belts weren't allowed; early programmes in the 1970s and 80s.
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How/Why did the trends spread? start learning
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through rappers such as Ice T; through programmes such as Big Brother and Pop Idol.
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Read the expressions below start learning
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for describing cause and effect
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cause | informal and neutral start learning
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it all started... it originated in/from... it's because of...
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start learning
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it has its origins/roots in... it can be traced back/attributed to... it stems from...
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effect | informal and neutral start learning
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it led to... it has caused... Because of this...
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start learning
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it resulted in... it gave rise to... it brought about...
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The Second World War gave (?) to the term "The First World War". Impossible? No. It's all because "retronym". start learning
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The Second World War gave rise to the term "The First World War". Impossible? No. It's all because "retronym".
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A "retronym" is a word invented for an object/concept whose original name has gone out of date. start learning
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Retronyms are invented because new developments change the way we perceive the world.
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The term "The First World War" can be traced (?) to 1939. start learning
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The term "The First World War" can be traced back to 1939.
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Before that date, nobody knew there would be a World War II, start learning
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and World War I had, until then, been called "The Great War".
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Another example is the guitar. start learning
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All guitars used to be acoustic.
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The invention of the electric guitar (?) to the term "acoustic guitar". start learning
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The invention of the electric guitar led to the term "acoustic guitar".
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Similarly, nobody said "black and white TV" before the invention of colour TV (?) in the need for the term. (developed/resulted/traced) start learning
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Similarly, nobody said "black and white TV" before the invention of colour TV resulted in the need for the term.
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Many retronyms (?) from modern technology. start learning
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Many retronyms stem from modern technology.
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The invention of laptops brought (?) the term "desktop computer" start learning
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The invention of laptops brought about the term "desktop computer"
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and the proliferation of mobile phones resulted (?) the word "landline". start learning
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and the proliferation of mobile phones resulted in the word "landline".
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The word "retronym" is (?) to Frank Mankiewicz, an American journalist. (attributed/given/caused) start learning
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The word "retronym" is attributed to Frank Mankiewicz, an American journalist.
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Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. start learning
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Change the verb tenses as necessary.
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Reggae comes from Jamaica. start learning
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Reggae has its roots in Jamaica.
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The Mohican haircut, in the UK, was originally from the punk era. start learning
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The Mohican haircut, in the UK, has its origins in the punk era.
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Technology has led to new types of crime, such as hacking. start learning
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Technology has given rise to new types of crime, such as hacking.
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Some say football started in China. start learning
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Some say football can be traced back to China.
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Global warming is the reason for many recent environment disasters. start learning
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Global warming has caused/is the cause of many recent environment disasters. The new study predicted that heatwaves, cold snaps, bushfires, droughts, floods and windstorms would rise exponentially.
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Better healthcare and diet, plus fewer babies per family, mean the population is ageing. start learning
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Because of better healthcare and diet, plus fewer babies per family, the population is ageing.
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The rising number of female world leaders can be attributed to the women's liberation movement. start learning
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The rising number of female world leaders stems from the women's liberation movement.
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The growth in online publishing has necessitated new laws. start learning
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The growth in online publishing has lead to new laws.
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It's thought that chess began in India over a thousand years ago. start learning
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It's thought that chess originated in India over a thousand years ago.
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Medical procedures for disfigured soldiers led to the development of cosmetic surgery. start learning
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Medical procedures for disfigured soldiers resulted in the development of cosmetic surgery.
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Look at the expresions in the box. When do you think we usually use these expressions? What is their purpose? So overall,... To sum up,... All in all,... Basically,... in conclusion,... So what I'm really saying is,... start learning
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We usually use these expressions at the end of a long "turn" or the end of a setion of speech. The purpose is to summarise what has been said.
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Which expressions did the speakers in Exercise 3 A use? start learning
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Basically, ...; So what I'm really saying is,...
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