→ Translation Theory → Start Learning

Question		Answer
translation procedures start learning		Vinay & Darbelnet
Translation Semiotics start learning		de Saussure
Translation Shift start learning		Catford
Minimax start learning		Lévy
Laws of Translation start learning		Toury
(Procedure 1) Borrowing start learning		A word taken with its meaning from SL
(Procedure 2) Calque start learning		translating an expression, with each element trnsld directly into TL, introducing new structures
(Procedure 3) Literal translation start learning		Word for word
(Procedure 4) Transposition start learning		Changing word class while preserving meaning
(Procedure 5) Modulation start learning		Change in form when literal is unfitting (strange)
(Procedure 6) Equivalence start learning		change of style and structure, equivalent meaning
(Procedure 7) Adaptation start learning		Extreme change when concept is foreign to TL
Cohesion start learning		Relation between units
Coherence start learning		Relation of meanings
Situationality start learning		how utterances relate to situations
Informativity start learning		How the text inform of its contents (markedness)
Intentionality start learning		What is intended by the author
Acceptability start learning		How well can the text be appreciated by an average reader
Intertextuality start learning		How the text relates to other texts

Translation Theory