Question  |
Answer |
|
start learning
|
|
The ability to create an infinite number of new sentences that are also grammatically correct
|
|
|
Give an example of a phrase structure rule start learning
|
|
|
|
|
The deep structure and surface structure start learning
|
|
The deep structure is an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented. • That same deep structure can be the source of many other surface structures
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
specify which words can be used when we rewrite constituents
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
Transform sentences, e.g., from statements to questions
|
|
|
example of a transformational rule start learning
|
|
Statement: "She is happy." → Question: "Is she happy?
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences (Semantics is concerned with objective or general meaning)
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
Conceptual and associative meaning
|
|
|
(denotative, literal, dictinary) start learning
|
|
covers basic, essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word needle - ‘thin, sharp, steel instrument’ (basic components of the word)
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
all types of associations or connotations different people might have attached to a word
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
– crucial elements or features of meaning Example: to be a subject of a sentence a noun must be animate Boy (+animate) Hamburger (-animate)
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
The roles of sentence participants, e.g., agent, theme The boy kicked the ball. • The agent - ‘the entity that performs the action’ (the boy) • The theme (the patient) – ‘the entity that is involved in or affected by the action’ (the ball)
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
1 agent, 2 theme, 3 instument, 4 experiencer, 5 localisation, 6 source, 7 goal
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
‘the entity that performs the action
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
‘the entity that is involved in or affected by the action’
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
an entity used to perform an action
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
an entity (a person) who has a feeling, perception or state; s/he is not performing any action
|
|
|
the location, source, goal start learning
|
|
The location - where an entity is (on the table, in the room) • The source – where the entity moves from (from Chcago) • The goal - where the entity moves to (to New Orlean)
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
The relationships between words
|
|
|
7 types of lexical relations start learning
|
|
Synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, polysemy, metonymy, collocations.
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
Two or more words with very closely related meanings; they can be substituted for each other in sentences
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
Words that sound the same but have different meanings, e.g., "bare" and "bear"
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
The idea of ‘the characteristic instance’ of a category The best examples of a category, e.g., "sparrow" as a prototype of a bird.
|
|
|
Antonyms are divided into two main types: • ‘gradable’ (opposites along a scale) • ‘non-gradable’ (direct opposites) start learning
|
|
Two forms with opposite meanings alive/dead, big/small, fast/slow, happy/sad, hot/cold, long/short, male/female, married/single, old/new, rich/poor, true/false
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described animal/dog, dog/poodle, vegetable/carrot, flower/rose, tree/banyan
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
when one form (written or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings bank (of a river) – bank (financial institution) bat (flying creature) – bat (used in sports) mole (on skin) – mole (small animal) pupil (at school) – pupil (in the eye) race (contest of speed) – race (ethnic group)
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
When two or more different (written) forms have the same pronunciation bare/bear, meat/meet, flour/flower, pail/pale, right/write, sew/so and to/too/two.
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
Two or more words with the same form and related meanings Head - the object on top of the body, on top of a glass of beer, person at the top of a company or department. • Foot (of person, of bed, of mountain) or • Run (person does, water does, colors do)
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
close connection in everyday experience a container–contents relation (bottle/water, can/juice), • a whole–part relation (car/wheels, house/roof) • a representative–symbol relationship (king/crown, the President/the White House
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
a predictable combination of words‘; words frequently occurring together Hammer – nail • Table – chair • Butter – bread • Needle – thread • Salt – pepper
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
complementary, gradable, and relational gradable - opposite along on a scale (big-small, old-new, early-late) non-gradable - direct opposite (black-white, dead-alive, true-false) reelational - frtom the same family (parent-child, teacher-student, give-recive)
|
|
|
special properties of human language (natural language) start learning
|
|
Duality, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness Displacement • Arbitrariness • Productivity • Cultural transmission • Duality
|
|
|
What are the areas in the brain responsible for speech start learning
|
|
Broca’s area (speech production) and Wernicke’s area (understanding the speech)
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
is a bundle of nerve fibers which forms a connection between Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas. • Discoverd by Wernicke
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
an area in the brain that controls movement of the muscles. The part of the motor cortex that controls the articulatory muscles of the face, jaw, tongue and larynx is located close to Broca’s area
|
|
|
3 difficulties in speech production start learning
|
|
• The tip of the tongue phenomenon • A slip of the tongue • A slip of the ear
|
|
|
The tip of the tongue phenomenon start learning
|
|
We feel that we know the word but it doesn’t want to come to the surface
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
An unintentional error in speaking, where someone says something different from what they intended. It often involves mixing up sounds, words, or sentence structures noble tons of soil --- noble sons of toil A speech error where a person unintentionally says a different word or phrase than intended.
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
A mishearing of spoken words
|
|
|
Broca’s aphasia • Wernicke’s aphasia • Conduction aphasia start learning
|
|
an impairment of language function caused by localized brain damage; it results in difficulties understanding and/or producing linguistic forms
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
a reduced amount of speech, distorted articulation, slow, often effortful speech , lexical morphemes (e.g. nouns, verbs). frequent omission of functional morphemes (e.g. articles, prepositions) and inflections (e.g. plural - s, past tense -ed) speech is ‘agrammatic’. I eggs and eat and drink coffee breakfast
|
|
|
related to difficulties in auditory comprehension, sometimes called ‘sensory aphasia’. start learning
|
|
-very fluent speech which is, however, often difficult to make sense of. very general terms are used, even in response to questions for specific information. difficulties finding the correct word (anomia); to deal with problem → describing the objects or their puropse
|
|
|
Caused by the damage to the arcuate fasciculus start learning
|
|
sometimes mispronounce words, but usually do not have articulation problems. they are fluent, but rhythm may be disrupted due to pauses comprehension of spoken words is good. repeating a word or phrase (spoken by someone else) is problematic.
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
A period in childhood during which language acquisition occurs most efficiently; after this period, learning language becomes more difficult. first few years of life is the crucial time in which an individual can acquire a first language
|
|
|
difference between acquiring a language and learning a language start learning
|
|
acquiring a language natural process when a child learns the language throught the contact with enviroment without formal instructions learning- aquiring the language through formal way, from books, lessons, grammal rules
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
The Language Acquisition Device – a hypothetical mechanism in a child's brain that facilitates language acquisition allows children laquiring the language quickly and effortcently
|
|
|
What does it mean that interaction is required in first language acquisition start learning
|
|
Children need to interact with others to effectively acquire language listening is not enough to master the languag. children must particioate in interactions with other people
|
|
|
What does it mean that cultural transmission is required in first language acquisition start learning
|
|
Language is passed down through generations in a social and cultural context how the concepts from one culture are passed down from generation to generation
|
|
|
|
start learning
|
|
Child-Directed Speech – the way adults speak to children, characterized by simple vocabulary, clear articulation, and repetition
|
|
|
